Modules 23-25 (Lecture 8)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

the process if getting information into the memory system– for example, by extracting meaning

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 8

Parallel Processing

Answer 8

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

Question 9

Sensory Memory

Answer 9

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 10

Short-Term Memory

Answer 10

Briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten.

Question 11

Long-Term Memory

Answer 11

The relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 12

Working Memory

Answer 12

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long term memory.

Question 13

Explicit Memory

Answer 13

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare” (AKA declarative memory)

Question 14

Effortful Processing

Answer 14

Encoding that required attention and conscious effort

Question 15

Automatic Processing

Answer 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.

Question 16

Implicit Memory

Answer 16

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned independent of conscious recollection (AKA nondeclarative memory)

Question 17

Iconic Memory

Answer 17

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 18

Echoic Memory

Answer 18

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 20

Mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]

Answer 20

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Question 21

Spacing Effect

Answer 21

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Question 22

Shallow Processing

Answer 22

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 23

Deep Processing

Answer 23

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Question 24

Semantic Memory

Answer 24

Explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 25

Episodic Memory

Answer 25

Explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories – of facts and events – for storage

Question 27

Memory Consolidation

Answer 27

The neural storage of a long-term memory

Question 28

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 28

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 29

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 29

An increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 30

Priming

Answer 30

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, this predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

Question 31

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 31

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 32

Mood-Congruent Memory

Answer 32

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 33

Serial Position Effects

Answer 33

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list.

Question 34

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 34

An inability to form new memories

Question 35

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 35

An inability to remember information from one’s past

Question 36

Proactive Interference

Answer 36

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 37

Retroactive Interference

Answer 37

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 38

Repression

Answer 38

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 39

Reconsolidation

Answer 39

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Question 40

Misinformation Effect

Answer 40

Occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Question 41

Source Amnesia

Answer 41

Faulty memory for how, when , or where information was learned or imagined. (AKA misattribution) This is the heart of many false memories

Question 42

Deja Vu

Answer 42

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 43

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 43

A disorder that primary affects the memory system in the brain.