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Psychology > Modules 1-3 (lecture 1) > Flashcards

Modules 1-3 (lecture 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Empirical approach

A

An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation

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2
Q

Critical thiknking

A

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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3
Q

Structualism

A

An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by James and Influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function–how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

The view that Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with (1) but not with (2)

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6
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.

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7
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, and communicate, and solve problems.

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8
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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9
Q

Psychology

A

The science of behavior and mental processes

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10
Q

Nature-nurture Issue

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experiences make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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12
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind; using the principles of natural selection

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13
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

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14
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

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15
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Th scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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16
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

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17
Q

Level of Analysis

A

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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18
Q

Basic Research

A

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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19
Q

Applied Research

A

A scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

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20
Q

Counseling Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships) and in achieving grater well-being.

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21
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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22
Q

Psychiatry

A

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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23
Q

Community Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with social environments and how social institutions (such as schools and neighborhoods) affect individuals and groups.

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24
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a “retrieval practice effect” or “test-enhanced learning.”

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25
Q

SQ3R

A

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review

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26
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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27
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organized observations and predicts behaviors.

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28
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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29
Q

Operational Definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study. For example, “human intelligence” may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

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30
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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31
Q

Preregistration

A

Publicly communicating planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analyses

32
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

33
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which one induvial or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

34
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

35
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, “random sample” of the group

36
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

37
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which random sampled may be drawn.

38
Q

Correlation

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

39
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things

40
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

41
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each which represent the value of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation.

42
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

43
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

44
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By “random assignment” of the participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

45
Q

Experimental Group

A

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

46
Q

Control Group

A

In an experiment the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

47
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

48
Q

Double-blind Procedure

A

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

49
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

50
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated

51
Q

Confounding Variable

A

In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

52
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured

53
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

54
Q

Debriefing

A

The postexperiential explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

55
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

56
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

57
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution; half the score are above it and half are below it.

58
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

59
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

60
Q

Normal Curve

A

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

61
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

62
Q

Wundt

A

Started the first Psychology lab in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany

63
Q

Freud

A

Invented Psychoanalysis; the “talking cure”; unconscious mind; dream meaning

64
Q

Pavlov

A

Concept of “conditional reflex”; Classical conditioning

65
Q

William James

A

Wrote first textbook on Psychology: “Principles of Psychology”

66
Q

John B. Watson

A

Popularism the theory of Behaviorism

67
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

A theory that focuses more on patterns and configurations as a whole, rather than individual components

68
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Deals with serious mental and behavioral issues, provides therapy in private practice, hospitals, or mental health clinics

69
Q

Experimental Psychology

A

research in labs, typically with animals

70
Q

Social Psychology

A

Studies how behavior is affected by the presence of others, mob violence, conformity, obedience to authority, and stereotyping

71
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

Working with detectives, profiling, court systems, determining the reliability of witnesses

72
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Examines how people grow and change throughout the life span from prenatal to old age and death

73
Q

Psychologist

A

Someone who studies people based on their believed theory

74
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Someone who has a MD and is qualified to prescribe medication

75
Q

Basic APA guidelines for humans

A

Approval; informed consent; voluntary participation; privacy; protection from harm; debriefing

76
Q

Basic APA guidelines for animals

A

Review and approval from IACUC; protection from unneeded harm

Psychology (12 decks)

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