Modules 4&5 Neuroscience And Behavior Flashcards by Payton Perry

The cells life support center

Cell body

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Receive messages from other cells

Dendrites

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Passes messages away from

The cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Axon

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Electrical signal traveling down the axon

Neural impulse

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Form junctions with other cells

Terminal branches of axon

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Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Myelin sheath

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Space between neurons

Synapse

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Electrical charge that travels down axon

Action potential

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Either the neuron fires or it doesn’t, there’s no in between

All-or-nothing principle

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Right before all-or-nothing principle

Threshold

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Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse

Neurotransmitters

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Function is motor movement and memory

Acetylcholine

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Lack of ACH is linked to what?

Alzheimer’s disease

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Motor movement and alertness

Dopamine

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Lack of dopamine is associated with?

Parkinson’s disease

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Over abundance of dopamine is associated with?

Schizophrenia

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Mood control

Serotonin

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Lack of serotonin is linked with?

Depression

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Pain control

Endorphins

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Alertness

Norepinephrine

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Inhibitor (lack of it causes seizures and insomnia)

GABA

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Excitor (overstimulation of brain causes seizures or migraines)

Glutimate

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Molecule that excites/mimics neurotransmitter

Agonist

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Molecule that inhibits/blocks neurotransmitter

Antagonist

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Takes information from the senses to the brain

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

Takes information from brain to the rest of the body

Motor neurons(efferent neurons)

Takes messages from sensory neurons to other parts of the brain or to motor neurons

Intern neurons

Fight or flight response

Sympathetic nervous system

System of glands that secrete hormones (they work slower)

Endocrine system

Controls the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Affects metabolism among other things

Thyroid gland

Secrets male sex hormones

Testies

Secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

Pituitary gland

Helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood

Parathyroids

Inner part called the medulla, helps trigger the fight or flight response

Adrenal gland

Regulates blood sugar levels

Pancreas

Secrets female sex hormones

Ovaries

Phineas gage story shows us?

That accidents can help psychological development

Removal or destruction of some part of the brain

Lesions

Detects brain waves through their electrical output

EEG(electroencephalogram)

Good for locating tumor cells, but tells us nothing about function

CAT scan

More detailed picture of the brain using magnetic field to knock electrons off axis

MRI

Measures how much of a chemical the brain is using

PET scan

Made up of densely packed neurons we call "gray matter"

Cerebral cortex

Wrinkles in the cerebral cortex are?

Fissures

lobe in the front

frontal lobe

lobe in the middle/top

parietal lobe

lobe in the back

occipital lobe

lobe on the side near the ear

temoral lobe

abstract though and controls emotions

frontal lobe

controls broca's area

fronal lobe

controls muscle movements

frontal lobe

receives incoming touch sensations

parietal lobe

interprets messages from our eyes

occipital lobes

interprets written and spoken speech

temporal lobe

contains wernike's area

temporal lobe

word is pronounced

motor cortex

controls speech muscles

broca's area

transforms visual representations into an auditory code

angular gyrus

receives written words as visual stimulation

visual cortex

interprets auditory code

wernicke's area

controls basic biological structures

hindbrain

controls blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

medulla oblongata

involved in facial expressions, sleep, and swallowing

pons

connects hindbrain with midbrain and forebrain

pons

coordination and fine muscle movements

cerebellum

reticular formation; controls arousal and ability to focus our attention

midbrain

what makes us human, largest part of the brain

forebrain

receives sensory signals and sends them to other parts of the forebrain

thalamus

controls body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst, and the endocrine system

hypothalamus

storage of memories

hippocampus

process of memory and volatile emotions like anger

amygdala

divides the two hemispheres

corpus callosum

logic and sequential tasks

left hemisphere

spatial and creative tasks

right hemisphere

when the brain is damages it will attempt to find ways to reroute messages

brain plasticity