Modules 21-23 Learning

Question 1

learning that certain events occur together

Answer 1

associative learning

Question 2

one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate a response

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 3

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

the unlearned naturally occurring response to the UCS

Answer 4

unconditional response (UCR)

Question 5

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with the UCS, comes to trigger a response

Answer 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 6

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Answer 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Question 7

the initial stage of learning

Answer 7

acquisition

Question 8

the phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS)

Answer 8

acquisition

Question 9

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Answer 9

extinction

Question 10

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 10

spontaneous recovery

Question 11

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

Answer 11

generalization

Question 12

the learned ability to distinguished between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal UCS

Answer 12

discrimination

Question 13

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminishing if followed by punishment

Answer 13

operant conditionin g

Question 14

rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Answer 14

law of effect

Question 15

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 15

reinforcer

Question 16

an innately reinforcing stimulus

Answer 16

primary reinforcer

Question 17

a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 17

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

Question 18

strengthens a response by presenting a stimulus after a response

Answer 18

positive reinforcement

Question 19

strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimulus

Answer 19

negative reinforcement

Question 20

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 20

punishment

Question 21

a procedure in operant conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal

Answer 21

shaping

Question 22

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 22

continuous reinforcement

Question 23

reinforcing a response only part of the time

Answer 23

partial reinforcement

Question 24

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 24

fixed-ratio schedules

Question 25

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 25

variable-ratio schedule

Question 26

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 26

fixed-interval schedule

Question 27

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 27

variable-interval schedule

Question 28

learn by watching others

Answer 28

observational learning

Question 29

information or skills that have never been used before, but yet you still know it

Answer 29

latent learning