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Pathophysiology > Module 9 - Renal > Flashcards

Module 9 - Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Protective Mechanisms Against UTIs (Males)

A
  • Urine acts as antiseptic
  • Urethra enclosed in penis
  • Protective prostate
  • Immune defenses
  • Longer urethra (8-10inches)
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2
Q

Protective Mechanisms Against UTIs (Females)

A
  • Urine acts as antiseptic
  • Lactobacilli in vagina
  • Acidic vaginal environment
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3
Q

Organisms of UTI

A
  • Escherichia coli (more than 80%)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Enterobacter (due to Foley catheters, nosocomial infection)
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4
Q

Importance of Kidneys

A

-Filtration of Nitrogenous waste
-Excretion of wastes and toxins
-Regulate ECF, Osmolarity, pH, key ions
-Production of:
Renin
Erythropoeitin
Vitamin D

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5
Q

Regulates blood pressure

-synthesized and stored in juxtaglomerular kidney cells

A

Renin

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6
Q
  • Obtained via diet or supplements
  • Synthesized by UV radiation on cholesterol in skin
  • Metabolically activated in kidney
A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

_____ stimulates erythropoiesis by triggering RBC production in bone marrow

A

Hypoxia

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8
Q

Albumin (Lab value)

A

3.4-4.7 g/dL

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9
Q

Ammonia

A

18-60 ug/dL

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10
Q

Bicarbonate

A

24-31 mEq/L

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11
Q

BUN

A

8-20 mg/dL

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12
Q

Creatinine

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

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13
Q

Glucose

A

70-99; <100 mg/dL

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14
Q

Uric Acid

A
  1. 4-7.4 mg/dL (MALES)

1. 4-5.8 mg/dL (Females)

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15
Q

Specific Gravity of Urine

A

1.010 - 1.025

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16
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine. May be dysfunction of glomerulus

can lead to nephrotic syndrome

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17
Q

Urine findings (normal)

A
  • Color: pale yellow, straw-colored, amber
  • Clear
  • Slightly Acidic (pH 4.5-8.0)
  • Little or no protein
  • No glucose
  • < 5 RBCs or WBCs (per microscope)
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18
Q

Nephrotoxins

A

Capability to damage the kidney

NSAIDS number 1 drug abused causing damage to kidneys

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19
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Benign enlargement that increases with age (normal part of aging)

Can be treated, not cured

20
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate caused by infection

Can be cured

21
Q

Urinary obstruction with retention or stasis of urine

A

Obstruction and Stasis (congenital/acquired)

22
Q

Absence of urine or <100 ml of urine/day

A

Anuria

23
Q

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

A

Azotemia

24
Q

“Urine in blood” This term is used to describe clinical manifestations of kidney failure that are due to an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

A

Uremia

  • odor/bad breath
  • uremic frost - can cause itching
25
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

120-130 mL/min/1.73m2

Measures creatinine, a waste product of muscle metabolism, found in a person’s blood that is not removed by kidneys

26
Q

Impaired kidney function

  • Inability to efficiently/effectively remove waste from blood
  • Develops rapidly over a few hours or days
A

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

27
Q

AKI Classification

A

Pre-Renal
Intra-Renal
Post-Renal

28
Q

Sudden reduction in blood flow to kidney (decrease GFR)

A

PRE-RENAL

-renal hypoperfusion, hypovolemia, blood volume depletion

29
Q

Actual damage to kidneys

A

Intra-renal

  • Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelonephritis
30
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A
  • Decreased blood to the kidneys
  • GFR decreases
  • Decreased urine output

potential for reoccurrence

31
Q

Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Acute onset
  • Stimulus is group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci
  • May develop 1-2 weeks after a throat infection or skin infection (impetigo)
32
Q

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

A

long term inflammation and scarring of glomeruli

  • Encompasses several glomerular diseases
  • Progressive, leading to chronic kidney failure
33
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • upper urinary tract
  • inflammation of kidney medulla, parenchyma, and renal pelvis, affecting tubules

-Scarring in chronic

34
Q

Post-Renal Failure

A

Obstruction in the Urinary Tract from tubules to urethral meatus

  • Stones
  • Trauma, Edema
35
Q

Post-Renal Symptoms

A
  • Abdominal distention w/ complete obstruction
  • Suprapubic tenderness w/ palpation
  • Symptoms related to the level of the obstruction
36
Q

Renal and Ureteral Calculi (kidney stones)

A
  • Most common: Calcium Oxylate (5 classes total - mineral composition)
  • Renal Calculi can form in any part of the urinary tract
37
Q

AKI: The Aged Individual

A
  • Reduced GFR
  • Aged kidney less likely to compensate for changes: fluids, solute, cardiac output

CHECK REST ON PPT SLIDE 44

38
Q

5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

A 
G1: >90 (normal or high)
G2: 60-89 (mildly decreased)
G3a: 45-59 (mild to moderate)
G3b: 30-44 (moderate to severely decreased)
G4: 15-29 (severely decreased)
G5: <15 (kidney failure)
39
Q

Chronic Kidney Disease when GFR is less than __ mL/min for _ months or more

A

60 mL/min

3 months or more

40
Q

Major causes of Chronic Kidney Disease

A 
#1 Diabetes
#2 Hypertension

ESRD is the last stage when GFR is <15

41
Q

End-Stage Renal Disease Treatment options

A

Transplantation

Dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis)

42
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Damaged glomeruli - 3.5+ grams of protein in 24 hours leak into urine

-edema, ascites, foamy urine

43
Q

CAUTIS

A

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection

44
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of bladder

Lower urinary tract (bladder)

45
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of kidney medulla, parenchyma, and renal pelvis

Upper urinary tract

46
Q

Diagnosis Studies

A

Urinalysis

Renal Creatinine

47
Q

Diagnostic and Radiological Procedures

A
  • Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
  • MRI
  • Renal biopsy
  • CT scan
  • Cystoscopy
  • Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray
  • Urine collection

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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