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Pathophysiology > Module 9 - Renal > Flashcards

Module 9 - Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Protective Mechanisms Against UTIs (Males)

A
  • Urine acts as antiseptic
  • Urethra enclosed in penis
  • Protective prostate
  • Immune defenses
  • Longer urethra (8-10inches)
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2
Q

Protective Mechanisms Against UTIs (Females)

A
  • Urine acts as antiseptic
  • Lactobacilli in vagina
  • Acidic vaginal environment
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3
Q

Organisms of UTI

A
  • Escherichia coli (more than 80%)
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Enterobacter (due to Foley catheters, nosocomial infection)
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4
Q

Importance of Kidneys

A

-Filtration of Nitrogenous waste
-Excretion of wastes and toxins
-Regulate ECF, Osmolarity, pH, key ions
-Production of:
Renin
Erythropoeitin
Vitamin D

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5
Q

Regulates blood pressure

-synthesized and stored in juxtaglomerular kidney cells

A

Renin

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6
Q
  • Obtained via diet or supplements
  • Synthesized by UV radiation on cholesterol in skin
  • Metabolically activated in kidney
A

Vitamin D

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7
Q

_____ stimulates erythropoiesis by triggering RBC production in bone marrow

A

Hypoxia

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8
Q

Albumin (Lab value)

A

3.4-4.7 g/dL

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9
Q

Ammonia

A

18-60 ug/dL

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10
Q

Bicarbonate

A

24-31 mEq/L

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11
Q

BUN

A

8-20 mg/dL

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12
Q

Creatinine

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

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13
Q

Glucose

A

70-99; <100 mg/dL

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14
Q

Uric Acid

A
  1. 4-7.4 mg/dL (MALES)

1. 4-5.8 mg/dL (Females)

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15
Q

Specific Gravity of Urine

A

1.010 - 1.025

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16
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein in urine. May be dysfunction of glomerulus

can lead to nephrotic syndrome

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17
Q

Urine findings (normal)

A
  • Color: pale yellow, straw-colored, amber
  • Clear
  • Slightly Acidic (pH 4.5-8.0)
  • Little or no protein
  • No glucose
  • < 5 RBCs or WBCs (per microscope)
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18
Q

Nephrotoxins

A

Capability to damage the kidney

NSAIDS number 1 drug abused causing damage to kidneys

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19
Q

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

A

Benign enlargement that increases with age (normal part of aging)

Can be treated, not cured

20
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of prostate caused by infection

Can be cured

21
Q

Urinary obstruction with retention or stasis of urine

A

Obstruction and Stasis (congenital/acquired)

22
Q

Absence of urine or <100 ml of urine/day

23
Q

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

24
Q

“Urine in blood” This term is used to describe clinical manifestations of kidney failure that are due to an accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood

A

Uremia

  • odor/bad breath
  • uremic frost - can cause itching
25
Glomerular Filtration Rate
120-130 mL/min/1.73m2 Measures creatinine, a waste product of muscle metabolism, found in a person's blood that is not removed by kidneys
26
Impaired kidney function - Inability to efficiently/effectively remove waste from blood - Develops rapidly over a few hours or days
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
27
AKI Classification
Pre-Renal Intra-Renal Post-Renal
28
Sudden reduction in blood flow to kidney (decrease GFR)
PRE-RENAL -renal hypoperfusion, hypovolemia, blood volume depletion
29
Actual damage to kidneys
Intra-renal - Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) - Glomerulonephritis - Pyelonephritis
30
Acute Tubular Necrosis
- Decreased blood to the kidneys - GFR decreases - Decreased urine output potential for reoccurrence
31
Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis
- Acute onset - Stimulus is group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci - May develop 1-2 weeks after a throat infection or skin infection (impetigo)
32
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
long term inflammation and scarring of glomeruli - Encompasses several glomerular diseases - Progressive, leading to chronic kidney failure
33
Pyelonephritis
- upper urinary tract - inflammation of kidney medulla, parenchyma, and renal pelvis, affecting tubules -Scarring in chronic
34
Post-Renal Failure
Obstruction in the Urinary Tract from tubules to urethral meatus - Stones - Trauma, Edema
35
Post-Renal Symptoms
- Abdominal distention w/ complete obstruction - Suprapubic tenderness w/ palpation - Symptoms related to the level of the obstruction
36
Renal and Ureteral Calculi (kidney stones)
- Most common: Calcium Oxylate (5 classes total - mineral composition) - Renal Calculi can form in any part of the urinary tract
37
AKI: The Aged Individual
- Reduced GFR - Aged kidney less likely to compensate for changes: fluids, solute, cardiac output CHECK REST ON PPT SLIDE 44
38
5 Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
``` G1: >90 (normal or high) G2: 60-89 (mildly decreased) G3a: 45-59 (mild to moderate) G3b: 30-44 (moderate to severely decreased) G4: 15-29 (severely decreased) G5: <15 (kidney failure) ```
39
Chronic Kidney Disease when GFR is less than __ mL/min for _ months or more
60 mL/min | 3 months or more
40
Major causes of Chronic Kidney Disease
``` #1 Diabetes #2 Hypertension ``` ESRD is the last stage when GFR is <15
41
End-Stage Renal Disease Treatment options
Transplantation | Dialysis (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis)
42
Nephrotic Syndrome
Damaged glomeruli - 3.5+ grams of protein in 24 hours leak into urine -edema, ascites, foamy urine
43
CAUTIS
Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
44
Cystitis
Inflammation of bladder Lower urinary tract (bladder)
45
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney medulla, parenchyma, and renal pelvis Upper urinary tract
46
Diagnosis Studies
Urinalysis | Renal Creatinine
47
Diagnostic and Radiological Procedures
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) - MRI - Renal biopsy - CT scan - Cystoscopy - Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) x-ray - Urine collection

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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