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Pathophysiology > Module 10 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Module 10 - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the lungs and airways

A
  • Gas exchange in the alveoli
  • Angiotensin I to II
  • Type II alveoli cells make pulmonary surfactant allowing for greater efficiency of lung inflation
  • some protections against pathogens (type II alveoli cells)
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2
Q

Movement of air (gas) into and out of the lungs; moves along pressure gradient

A

Ventilation

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3
Q

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolar level

A

Gas Exchange

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4
Q

Air movement into the lungs depends on the _______ of the airways and lung compliance

A

Resistance

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5
Q

Measurement of gases dissolved in blood

A

PO2 - 100% (80-100 mmHg; oxygenation)

PCO2 - 35-45 mmHg (ventilation)

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6
Q

Air moves b/w the atmosphere and into the lungs b/c of pressure differences; physics dictates that air moves in gradient from high to low pressure

A

Inspiration (chest expands)

  • Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  • Intrapleural pressure becomes negative
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7
Q

Elastic components of the chest wall and lung recoil

Chest cavity size decreases

A

Expiration

Intra-thoracic pressure increases and expiration passively occurs

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8
Q

_____ _________ causes strong increase in intrathoracic pressure, impedes venous return to right atrium

A

Valsalva maneuver

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9
Q

Movement of blood flow to the gas exchange portion of the lung

A

Perfusion

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10
Q

Oxygen Transport 2 methods

A
  1. O2 is transported in chemical combination w/ hemoglobin, called oxyhemoglobin (about 96-98%)
  2. Transported in the dissolved state (2-4%) and can diffuse into the tissue cells
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11
Q

____ ________ depends on the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

A

Oxygen saturation

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12
Q

Reduction in BLOOD oxygen levels from a resp. disease, dysfunction of the neuro system, and/or alterations in circulation. Can lead to ventilation/perfusion mismatching

A

Hypoxemia

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13
Q

As PO2 drops, body switches to _____ _____ and lactic acid begins building up in the blood causing metabolic acidosis

A

Anaerobic metabolism

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14
Q

Increase in CO2 content of arterial blood

A

Hypercapnia

Normal pCO2 is 35-45

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15
Q

Hypercapnia

A
  • Decreases pH
  • Acidosis
  • Compensation results in increased HR and RR
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16
Q

Bluish discolorization of the skin resulting from excessive concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in small vessles

LATE SIGN of resp. failure

A

Cyanosis

Central: Tongue and lips
Peripheral: extremities, tip of nose and ears

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17
Q

Circumoral Cyanosis

A

Cyanosis around the lips

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18
Q

_____ is a SUBJECTIVE sensation of difficulty in breathing

A

Dyspnea

*anxiety related

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19
Q

Cause of Dyspnea is unknown but 4 mechanisms have been proposed:

A
  1. Stimulation of lung receptors
  2. CNS transmittal of info to the brain cortex
  3. Reduction in Ventilatory capacity
  4. Stimulation of muscle receptors
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20
Q

Cough Reflex

A
  • coughing is a protective mechanism

- Bedrest impairs the expansion of chest, limits amount of air, making for a weak ineffective cough

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21
Q

OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES

A

Disorders that limit expiratory airflow

  1. Asthma
  2. COPD (Chronic bronchitis/Emphysema)
22
Q

DISORDERS OF LUNG INFLATION

A

Disorders that decrease (restrict) expansion of the lung

  1. Atelectasis
  2. Pneumothorax
23
Q

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

A
  1. Pneumonias
  2. Influenza
  3. Common Cold
24
Q

Asthma characteristics:

Extrinsic/Intrinsic

A
  • Airway obstruction that is usually reversible
  • Airway inflammation
  • Increased airway responsiveness due to stimuli
  • Due to hypersensitivity reactions to a number of allergens
25
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways involving recurring symptoms of airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness

A

Bronchial Asthma

Patho: exaggerated hypersensitivity response to allergens

26
Q

Know differences between

Extrinsic (Atopic) Asthma

Intrinsic (Nonatopic) Asthma

A

Ppt. notes

27
Q

Leading cause of chronic illness with 80% being symptomatic by 6 years of age
(more frequent in black children)

A

Asthma in Children

28
Q

Management/Treatment of Asthma

A
  1. Prevention and control of triggers and effects

2. Medications

29
Q

Fourth leading cause of death in US (more women than men)

  • Most common cause is cigarette smoke
  • 2nd is hereditary deficiency in a1-antitrypsin
A

COPD

30
Q

Patho of COPD:

A

Inflammation and fibrosis of bronchial wall, hypertrophy of the submucosal glands and the hypersecretion of mucus,and loss of elastic lung fibers and alveolar tissue

31
Q
  • Airway obstruction caused by inflammation of the major and small airways. Swelling of bronchial mucosa
  • Hypersecretion of bronchial mucous and a chronic/recurrent cough
  • 80-85% cases due to smoking
A

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
(“Blue Bloater”)

**Airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible

**Inflammatory and fibrotic changes can extend into alveoli

**Mucous plugs can prevent proper oxygenation

32
Q

Destructive changes in the alveolar walls w/o fibrosis and abnormal enlargement of the distal air sacs

A

EMPHYSEMA
(“Pink Puffers”)

Destruction of alveoli by enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages

33
Q

COPD: Oxygen Therapy

A

Low flow (only 1-2 L/min) to prevent reduction of the ventilatory drive

Normal person based on high CO2 levels; COPD based on low oxygen levels

34
Q

Double-layered membrane that covers the lung

A

Pleura

35
Q

An incomplete expansion of the lung or portion of a lung

A

Atelectasis

36
Q

Pulmonary surfactant

A

main function is to reduce the surface tension at the air/liquid interface in the lung

37
Q

Presence of air within the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung

A

Pneumothorax

38
Q

3 types of Pneumothorax

A
  1. Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  2. Traumatic Pneumothorax
  3. Tension Pneumothorax
39
Q

Due to a rupture of a bleb on the surface of the lung

Cause is unknown, associated w/ tall young males and heavy smoking

A

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

40
Q

Due to injuries (penetrating or non-penetrating)

A

Traumatic Pneumothorax

41
Q

Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

LIFE THREATENING

A

Tension Pneumothorax

*Mediastinal shift

42
Q

Common Cold (NO ANTIBIOTICS)

A
  • Viral in origin, with children being the main reservoir, adults have 2-3/ year and children up to 12/year
  • Highly contagious the first 3 days after symptoms begin
  • Secretions are clear and watery, mucous members are reddened, swollen, sore throat, hoarseness
43
Q

Viral infection that is highly contagious and is the cause of about 36,000 deaths per year mainly elderly

Malaise tends to be the distinguishing feature b/w common cold and flu

A

Influenza

44
Q

Inflammatory reaction in the alveoli & interstitium of the lung caused by an infectious or non-infectious agent

Alveolar air spaces fill with exudate (microbes enter lung and multiply and trigger pulmonary inflammation)

A

Pneumonia (Viral or bacterial)

6th leading cause of death in US

45
Q

2 types of Pneumonia

A

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

46
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

S. Pneumoniae

Most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

47
Q

4 stages of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A
  1. Edema - filling of alveoli w/ microbes
  2. Red hepatization - massive leukocytes and RBCs are lost
  3. Gray hepatization - arrival of macrophages
  4. Resolution - removal of alveolar exudate
48
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Number one cause of death from a single organism worldwide
  • Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid fast bacilli
  • Can infect any organ but lungs most common since the organisms thrive best in an oxygen-rich environment
  • Spread by airborne droplet, invisible particles
49
Q

2 types of Acid-base balance

A

Respiratory and Metabolic

50
Q

Decrease in ventilation, causing an increase in pCO2

A

Respiratory

51
Q

Addition or loss of acid/alkali from the extracellular fluids cause alterations in the HCO3 levels

A

Metabolic

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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