Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular pt. 1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow depends on a _____ ______ sufficient to fill vessels and a ______ that moves blood forward

A

Blood volume

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Protection for the heart from infections; consists of parietal and visceral layers - pericarditis

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Muscle of heart; myocardial infarction; myocarditis

A

Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Consists of 3 layers which are continuous with the heart valves; endocarditis

A

Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atrioventricular Valves:

A

Tricuspid
Mitral

-supported by the chordae tendineae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Semilunar Valves:

A

Pulmonic

Aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Valves must open and close properly or _____ or ___________ will occur

A

Stenosis or regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ are abnormal heart sounds caused by the flow of blood across a diseased valve. The narrowing (stenosis) of the valve produces turbulence and rapid blood flow. Also, decreased viscosity of blood increases blood flow e.g severe anemia

A

Murmurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ are sounds emitted by the valves when opening is impaired

A

Clicks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vegetative lesions form on the valves, release bacteria into bloodstream or the lesion itself breaks off forming an obstruction; the lesions grow larger causing valvular dysfunction e.g. regurgitation

A

Infective Endocarditis

Etiology: Streptococcal with childhood strep and congenital disorders; Staph infections in drug abusers, other bacteria, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Upon occasion, pumping activity of the heart fails but electrical activity continues

A

PEA (Pulselessness electrical activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Electrical Activity ______ mechanical events of the cardiac cycle

A

Precedes

P Wave: Atrial depolarization
QRS: Ventricular depolarization
T Wave: Ventricular repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The exchange of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions in the cardiac cells of the myocardium causes a _________ _________ of the heart.

A

Electrical depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atria contract just before systole and add __ to volume in ventricles

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Venous return is affected by amount of _____ available to come into the heart e.g shock, not enough or too much fluid postop, RAP increases if lung pressure increases

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_______ is the volume of blood coming into the left ventricle causing muscle stretch. Represents WORKLOAD for the heart

A

Preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The more muscles are stretched in diastole, the greater the contraction in systole

A

Frank-Sterling Law

Stretch is 2 and 1/2 times resting length

about 70 ml of blood to be released with each contraction (stroke volume)

18
Q

Cardiac Output:

A

CO = SV x HR

Cardiac output increases with physical activity in the healthy person and decreases with rest and sleep

19
Q

Cardiac output can be clinically measured with the pulmonary artery catheter using the ____ _______ method

A

Fick Temperature

20
Q

_______ is the pressure that the heart must contract against in order to move blood out of Left ventricle into the aorta

A

Afterload

  • Arterial blood pressure is main source of afterload for LV
  • Pulmonary pressure is main source of afterload for RV
  • Aortic stenosis would also increase afterload
21
Q

The ability of the heart to change the force of its contraction without changing the length of diastole

A

Cardiac Contractility

22
Q

Ability of certain cells in the conduction system to repeatedly beat or conduct

A

Automaticity

23
Q

Both a tachycardic and bradycardic rate will ______ cardiac output

A

Decrease

24
Q

B/P =

A

B/P = CO x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

BP is the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the blood vessels

(BP cuff - indirect; A-line and Swans-Gantz line is direct)

25
Q

Are sensitive to changes in O2, CO2, and H+ ion content of blood

Located in carotids and aorta

Induce vasoconstriction and regulate ventilation since they are stimulated by a buildup of CO2 and H ions

A

Chemoreceptors

26
Q

_______ __ is a strong vasoconstrictor and stimulate aldosterone by increasing salt and water retentiion

(RAAS)

A

Angiotensin II

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (HUMORAL MECHANISM)

27
Q

Released from the posterior pituitary in response to decreases in blood volume and blood pressure, an increase in osmolality of body fluids and other stimuli.

A

Vasopressin (ADH) (HUMORAL MECHANISM)

28
Q

Long term regulation of blood pressure is in the ____-____ ____ system which regulates extracellular fluid volume and sodium level

A

Renal-Body Fluid System

29
Q

Endothelium produces ____ ____. _______, and similar enzymes

A
  • Nitric oxide (inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation)
  • Prostacyclin (inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation)
30
Q

Platelets produce a prostacyclin, Thromboxane A2, which causes vasoconstriction and increases aggregation - _____ blocks this response

A

Aspirin

31
Q

Hypertension

A

Actual cause unknown

Age-related changes, family history, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance

  • More prevalent and severe in blacks
  • High salt intake
  • Obesity
  • Stress/excess alcohol consumption
  • Oral contraceptive Drugs
32
Q

A standard drink is equal to

A

14.0 grams of pure alcohol

33
Q

Normal BP

A

Less than 120,

Less than 80

34
Q

Elevated

A

120-129

Less than 80

35
Q

HTN Stage 1

A

130-139

80-89

36
Q

HTN Stage 2

A

140 or higher

90 or higher

37
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

Higher than 180

Higher than 120

38
Q

S/Sx of Hypertension

A

Typically Asymptomatic

  • Headache
  • Other symptoms relate to target organ damage

Main complication is stroke

39
Q

Formation of plaque build up on the inside of blood vessel walls

  • makes the inner lining rough
  • easy for cholesterol stick to it
  • causes formation of plaque
A

Atherosclerosis

40
Q

Chronic disease of the arteries

Abnormal thickening & hardening of artery walls

Can worsen BP:
-may develop w/ age, people with diabetes & high fat diets

A

Arteriosclerosis

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions