Module 8 - Part 2

Question 1

Hyponatremia

Normal: 135-145 mEq/L

Answer 1

Sodium less than 135 mEq/L

Serum osmolality < 280 mOsm/kg

Question 2

drugs which can cause hyponatremia

Answer 2

Diuretics
antineoplastics
antipsychotics
sedatives such as barbiturates and morphine

Question 3

Severe hyponatremia (< 110 and seizures)

Answer 3

hypertonic 3% or 5% saline solution

BE VERY CAREFUL with hypertonic solutions which can cause shifting of water out of brain cells and brain damage

Question 4

Hypernatremia

Normal: 135-145 mEq/L

Answer 4

Sodium more than 145 mEq/L

Oliguria (inability to form urine; less than 30mL/hr

Question 5

Hypokalemia

Normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Answer 5

Potassium less than 3.5

s/s:
heart dysrhythmias

Question 6

Dietary sources of Potassium

Answer 6

Oranges, bananas, apricots, cantaloupe

Meats

Veggies, potatoes, mushrooms, tomatoes, carrots

Dried fruit, nuts, seed, chocolate

Question 7

Intravenous Potassium chloride

Answer 7

• Must be diluted when giving IV or will always cause death

- NEVER push potassium IV, must be given IV infusion

Question 8

Hyperkalemia

Normal 3.5-5. mEq/L

Answer 8

Potassium more than 5.0

Heart dysrhythmias - cardic conduction affected

Question 9

Drug used for hyperkalemia

Answer 9

Kayexelate

Question 10

Hypocalcemia

Normal 8.0-10.5 mg/dL

Answer 10

Calcium less than 8.0 mg/dL

insufficient vitamin D intake

Hyperactive reflexes, neuromuscular irritability, muscle cramping

Question 11

Hypercalcemia

Normal 8.0-10.5 mg/dL

Answer 11

Calcium more than 10.5 mg/dL

Muscle weakness, decreased neuromuscular excitability

Question 12

Hypomagnesium

Normal 1.8-3.0 or…. 1.3-2.1

Answer 12

Magnesium less than 1.8 mg/dL

Usual cause is chronic alcoholism

Trousseau signs
+ Babinski

Question 13

Hypermagnesium

Normal 1.8-3.0 or… 1.3-2.1

Answer 13

Magnesium is more than 3.0 mg/dL

main cause is kidney disease

Question 14

Plasma protein (albumin)

Answer 14

3.4-4.7 g/dL

Question 15

Chloride

Answer 15

98-106 mEq/L

Question 16

Phosphorus

Answer 16

2.5-4.5 mg/dL