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Pathophysiology > G.I > Flashcards

G.I Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of appetite, may be associated with nausea

A

Anorexia

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2
Q

_______ _____ is located in the medulla

A

Vomiting Center

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3
Q

_________ _____ located on the floor of the fourth ventricle and mediates emetic effects of blood-borne drugs and toxins

A

Chemoreceptor center

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4
Q

“white plaque”

A

Oral leukoplakia

- a precancerous lesion

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5
Q

The _____ is the most common site for oral cancer

A

Tongue

lift up the tongue and check with finger (gloved) for lesions

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6
Q

Risk factors for oral, head, and neck cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Chewing tobacco
  • Heavy alcohol (Ethanol) intake
  • Other chronic irritants
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7
Q

Probably due to a weak or incompetent lower esophageal sphincter that allows reflux to occur.

May be associated delayed gastric emptying that is causing the increased pressure and forcing contents upward instead of allowing for normal movement downwards.

A

G.E.R.D

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (stomach content reflux up the esophagus)

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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms of G.E.R.D

A
  • Heartburn (most severe at night)
  • Reflux of stomach contents into mouth
  • Pain and hoarseness
  • Respiratory symptoms (wheezing, chronic cough, hoarsness)
  • Evidence linking asthma and reflux
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9
Q

Treatment for GERD

A
  1. Small meals; sit upright after eating
  2. Avoid foods that lower esophageal tone (caffeine, choco, fats, alcohol, smoking)
  3. Sleep with head elevated
  4. Lose weight
  5. No eating after 5pm
  6. H2 blockers, Proton Pump inhibitors
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10
Q

Barrett’s Esophagus

A

Esophageal Cancer (adenocarcinoma

  • Dysphagia
  • Weight loss
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11
Q

Inflammation of the gastric (stomach) lining

A

Gastritis

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12
Q

Common factors that can disrupt the mucosal protective barrier: _____, ______, _ _____, ______, __________

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Aspirin
  • H. pylori
  • Alcohol
  • Corticosteroids
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13
Q

Aspirins and NSAIDS inhibits __________ _______

A

Prostaglandin secretion

-improve gastric mucosal blood flow, decrease acid secretion, increase bicarbonate ion secretion and enhance mucous production

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14
Q

Sudden symptoms of inflammation of the gastric mucosa

A

Acute Gastritis

-Life threatening hemorrhage can occur from NSAIDS w/o warning

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15
Q
  • Hemorrhage
  • Heartburn
  • Hematemesis (bloody vomit)
  • violent vomiting
A

Symptoms of Acute Gastritis

-Treatment: IV fluid replacement, removal of irritant, self limiting in nature

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16
Q

Absence of grossly visible erosions and presence of chronic inflammatory changes, leading to atrophy of the glandular epithelium of the stomach

A

Chronic Gastritis

17
Q

3 types of Chronic Gastritis

A
  1. Helicobacter pylori
  2. Autoimmune
  3. Chemical gastropathy

Treatment of H. pylori difficult; simultaneous two or more antibiotics plus prilosec for 10-14 days

18
Q

Ulcerative disorder affecting all or some of the stomach layers and the proximal duodenum

A

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Patho- H. pylori stimulate release of cytokines which increase mucosal damage

19
Q

PUD:
-Pain is midline, in ________, may radiate to costal margins, into the back and rarely to right shoulder

-Pain is usually relieved by ___ and/or ____

A
  • epigastrum

- food, antacids

20
Q

GI ulcerations that develop in response to a major physiologic illness

Also called Curling’s ulcer

A

Stress Ulcers

21
Q

_______ _____ refers to a similar type of gastric ulcer occurring in those with intracranial tumors, surgery, trauma

A

Cushing Ulcer

22
Q

Diffuse inflammation of the gallbladder, with most cases associated with stones

A

Cholecystitis

  • Acute onset of RUQ or epigastric pain, with mild fever, anorexia, N&V
  • DX by ultrasound
  • Surgery by laparoscopy
23
Q

Cholecystitis labs:

A
  • Increased WBC’s
  • Mild elevations in:
    1. AST
    2. ALT
    3. Alkaline phosphatase
    4. Bilirubin
24
Q

Intolerance to ____ ____, episodes of ______ pain

A

fatty foods

colicky

25
Q

Stone in common bile duct

A

Choledocholithiasis

-can cause jaundice or pancreatitis

26
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

Obesity
Female
Multiple pregnancies
Oral contraceptives

27
Q

Inflammatory process of the pancreatic acini

A

Acute pancreatitis

  • Etiology: Stones in duct, alcohol abuse. More on ppt.
  • Complications include MODS, SIRS, Pancreatic psuedocysts
28
Q

Premature activation of _____ causes autodigestive process of the pancreas, eventually causing multisystem organ failure and SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)

A

Trypsin

29
Q

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

Increased serum ______ and _____

Increased ___

A

amylase, lipase

CRP

30
Q
  • Fourth leading cause of cancer death in U.S
  • Cancer has usually metastasized before diagnosis
  • 5 yr survival 20%, only 4% will live 18-20 months
A

Pancreatic Cancer

-Jaundice, pain, pruritis, development of thrombi due to activation of clotting factors by proteases

Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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