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Cultural Psychology > Module 9: Culture, Health, Mental Health, Interventions > Flashcards

Module 9: Culture, Health, Mental Health, Interventions Flashcards

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1
Q

four global indicators of health

A
  • life expectancy
  • infant mortality
  • obesity
  • subjective well-being
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2
Q

life expectancy

A

the number of years a person is expected to live. wealth and resources have an impact both within and between countries

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3
Q

infant mortality

A

the number of infants (under 1 year of age) who die per 1000 live births. there are large differences in infant mortality among ethnic groups. there are attributed to the availability of resources

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4
Q

obesity

A

refers to BMI = body mass index, or overweight. the increase number of obese children also poses a risk for the future. they grow up to be more obese adults, creating many health risks, such as cardiovascular diseases

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5
Q

subjective well-being

A

perceptions of health and well-being are positively related to physical health. higher subjective well-being is associated with stronger immune system, fewer heart attacks and healthier lifestyle. subjective well-being is predicted by material wealth, autonomy and connectedness to others

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6
Q

marmet and simon

A

showed that japanese who are closer to their own culture have less risk of contracting cardiovascular diseases. whereas japanese who are less associated with their culture are at 3-5 times risk

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7
Q

triandis

A

found that individualistic cultures are more at risk for cardiovascular disease than collectivist

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8
Q

matrumoto and fletcher

A
  • a higher power distance score is associated with higher rates of parasitic disease and infection, but lower rates of cardiovascular disease
  • a higher individualism score is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease but lower rates of parasitic disease and infection and cerebrovascular disease
  • high uncertainty avoidance is associated with higher rates of heart disease and lower rates of cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease. high uncertainty is associated with higher rates of heart disease
  • a higher masculinity score is associated with higher rates of cerebrovascular disease
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9
Q

biomedical model (western culture)

A

states that disease results form a specific unidentifiable cause, such as pathogen, a genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical trauma. the idea behind this is that there are identifiable factors that we can isolate and respond to

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10
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

states that illness is the result of biological, social and psychological factors

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

keep the body stable during changes in the environment (important in some cultures)

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12
Q

biopsychosocial model is holistic

A

you cannot treat an individual without considering their social, environmental and spiritual context

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13
Q

alameda country study

A

longitudinal study that lasted 9 years. showed that people with fewer social ties had higher mortality rates than those with more social ties.

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14
Q

pascoe and richman

A

linked discrimination to physical health. experiencing discrimination has been linked to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease or pregnancy problems

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15
Q

eating disorders

A

the degree of body ideals and body dissatisfaction, the discrepancy between one’s perception of their body and one’s ideal body

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16
Q

immigrant paradox

A

immigrants are actually healthier than natives, despite the setbacks and adjustments they have to endure

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17
Q

immigrant selectivity

A

researchers attribute healthier behaviors and social support to immigrant selectivity

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18
Q

abnormal behavior

A

difficult to define because there are different things seen as abnormal from one culture to another. there are three perspectives:
- absolute orientation
- universalist perspective
- cultural relativism

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19
Q

absolute orientation

A

assumes biological model in which symptoms are the same across cultures

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20
Q

universalist perspective

A

states that many disorders have identical symptoms and that these disorders are the same across cultures

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21
Q

cultural relativism

A

argues that culture and psychopathology are closely linked and that disorders can only be fully understood within the cultural context

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22
Q

the three classification systems

A
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
  • International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
  • Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD)
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23
Q

DSM

A

pays more attention to cultural differences since the latest version

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24
Q

ICD

A

covers both mental and physical disorders, with little attentions paid to culture

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25
Q

CCMD

A

is a culture-specific work

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26
Q

cultural syndromes of distress

A

patterns of symptoms that often co-occur in people in certain cultures

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27
Q

cultural idioms of anxiety distress

A

how people in different cultural groups communicate their anxious (distress) thoughts, emotions and behaviors

28
Q

cultural explanations of anxiety distress

A

what people in different cultures believe about the causes of their distress, symptoms or illness

29
Q

cultural formulation interview

A

created to asses and individual’s experience within their specific cultural context

30
Q

emic perspective

A

when large studies test instruments, they are often supplemented with local supplements. this is an integration between universalist perspective and relativism, looking at both central and peripheral symptoms

31
Q

somatization

A

more in collectivist cultures. when people report more physical symptoms and complaints

32
Q

psychologization

A

more in individualistic cultures. more emotional symptoms and complaints are reported

33
Q

overpathologizing

A

the situation when behavior is labeled as pathological, when it is actually abnormal variation within the person’s culture

34
Q

underpathologizing

A

the situation in which behavior is labeled cultural when it reflects an abnormal psychological response

35
Q

schizophrenia

A

people with schizophrenia suffer from delusion, hallucinations, lack of motivation, social withdrawal, impaired memory and dysregulated emotions

36
Q

depression

A

a study showed that depressed european-americans showed less emotions than non-depressed european-americans, while depressed asian-americans showed more emotions than non-depressed asian-americans. this shows that there are differences in the expression of depression between cultures, but that emotions are expressed differently in both cultures than social rules dictate

37
Q

two views of ADHD

A

the first view focuses primarily on neurobiology. the second looks at the sociocultural construction underlying the disorder

38
Q

cultural distress syndromes

A

patterns and symptoms that form clusters for individuals of certian cultural groups, e.g. amok

39
Q

amok

A

a sudden fit of rage caused by stress and sleep deprivation. this is particularly common in asian cultures

40
Q

zar

A

an Ethiopian phenomenon characterized by uncontrollable movements, mutism and incoherent speech

41
Q

cambodian baksbat

A

involves extreme anxiety, submissiveness, mutism and distrust

42
Q

susto

A

sadness, sleep and eating problems, anxiety and social restrictions. in mexico, central and south america

43
Q

latah

A

extreme startle reaction combined with incontrollable behavior, such as repeating others’ words, and is common malay women

44
Q

koro

A

the extreme fear that the genitals with shrink or the body will contract. this occurs in men in china, indonesia and malaysia

45
Q

ataques de nervios

A

the feeling of being out of control, trembling, crying and dizziness. observed in Caribbean countries and puerto rico

46
Q

dose effect

A

the more exposure to trauma, the worse the risk of psychological consequences

47
Q

african-americans (health differences)

A

the effects of slavery still affect the psychological state of this groups. they live shorter than european-americans. strong family, community and religious networks have a protective effect against psychological disorders. research shows that migration status plays a role in the variations in this group

48
Q

latin americans (health differences)

A

variations in this group can possibly be explained by how they are welcomed in immigration, migration history, migration status, socioeconomic status, discrimination and ethnic group affiliation

49
Q

asian-americans (health differences)

A

there are large differences between ethnic groups. research shows that gender and migration related factors influence prevalence. place of birth and english proficiency should also be considered

50
Q

native americans (health differences)

A

historical trauma, poverty, segregations and marginalization may play a role in the high prevalence of mental disorders in this group. there are large differences in emphasis on traditional culture among tribes. the loss of culture can lead to mental health problems

51
Q

psychotherapy

A

is western in origin. focuses on individual and pscyhologizes. it focuses on changing your pattern of thought which will eventually change your pattern of behavior, and vice versa

52
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

most common form of psychotherapy. these therapies are egocentric, meaning they focus primarily on the individual themselves

53
Q

cultural limitations of therapy

A
  • definition of abnormality: varies between cultures
  • relevance of self: more cultures are more independent, some are more interdependent
  • therapist knowledge and skill: cultural knowledge is important
  • success and functionality: what this is varies by culture
54
Q

language barriers

A

language barriers limit access to mental health care because people with limited language skills are less likely to seek help

55
Q

stigma and distrust

A

for many groups, there is a greater stigma associated with seeking mental health care. this stigma leads to lower healthcare utilization among the likes of asian-americans and african-americans. they associate seeking help with shame, loss of face and weakness

56
Q

beliefs about health and illness

A

people in certain cultures may be encouraged to rely on willpower to deal with problems, rather than formal treatment. in addition native americans may not fit into the medical system

57
Q

indigenous medicine

A

refers to helping people using beliefs and practices of treatment that come from their own culture

58
Q

traditional remedies

A

are treatments that have a long history and are indigenous

59
Q

alternative therapies

A

are treatments that come from other cultures. a combination of both is important to address health problems on a global level

60
Q

social validity

A

distrust of health care, especially among african-americans and native-americans, sometimes makes interventions perceived as less socially relevant

61
Q

shortage of mental resources

A

lack of mental health, health insurance and culturally competent services

62
Q

possible solutions

A
  • hiring bilingual and bicultural staff
  • increasing the number of social workers in the community
  • having flexible hours so that people with multiple jobs can access care
  • reducing stigma by explaining what mental health care means
63
Q

treatment challenges

A

especially strong when therapist and client have different cultural backgrounds

64
Q

align therapist and client

A

the psychologist will need to be aware of cultural practices that could potentially affect treatment. the client and therapist have cognitive matching and cultural matching

65
Q

cross-cultural competent

A
  • awareness of one’s own cultural biases
  • cultural knowledge about the client’s culture
  • skills to deal appropriately with the client’s cultural practices
66
Q

kirmayer

A

suggested that perspectives of self and culture are complex, that certain values and perspectives are not mutually exclusive and can be found precisely in every culture

Cultural Psychology (12 decks)

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