Module 8: Emotions

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

transient neurophysiological reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare, and require immediate behavioural response. they include feelings, physiological reactions, expressive behaviors, behavioral intentions, and cognitive changes

Question 2

mood

Answer 2

a longer duration and there doesn’t have to be a clear trigger

Question 3

basic emotions

Answer 3

universal emotions, triggered by biological system

Question 4

self-conscious emotions

Answer 4

involved in self-reflection, such as shame and quilt

Question 5

model of emotion elicitation

Answer 5

it starts with a general trigger causes us to scan our environment. when we observe something, we must first determine what it means to us after which we experience emotion which manifests itself in behavior

Question 6

paul ekman

Answer 6

has a universalist view of emotions. his work is based on the work of darwin

Question 7

darwin

Answer 7

was convinced that we all have a common ancestor and that emotions are universal because they have an adaptive function. emotions regulate behavior and protect people form danger

Question 8

ekman’s research

Answer 8

assessed emotions in both WERID and non-WEIRD contexts, including pre-literate societies in papua New Guinea. he showed pictures of facial expression to participants and tested whether they recognized the emotions. to account familiarity of the stimulus, photos were shown of both western and non-western people. in addition, participants were shown scenarios and asked to choose a picture. was criticized for using photos that came off unnatural

Question 9

six basic emotions (ekman)

Answer 9

anger, fear, disgust, surprise , joy and sadness

Question 10

antedecents

Answer 10

everyone responds equally to the same stimuli

Question 11

physiology

Answer 11

corresponding neural pathways are found with emotions

Question 12

subjective experience

Answer 12

emotional experience is the same in every culture

Question 13

recognition

Answer 13

recognizing the same emotions is the same in many cultures

Question 14

coherence in emotional response systems

Answer 14

the components of emotional expression - face, voice and physiological response - are present for everyone

Question 15

giving meaning

Answer 15

everyone reacted the same, anger at obstruction of a goal, fear at threat to health, disgust at contamination, surprise at new things, joy at achievement of goal and sadness at loss

Question 16

culture influence on emotions

Answer 16

two ways in which culture regulates basic emotions:
- front-end calibration
- calibration on the back end

Question 17

front-end calibration

Answer 17

culture regulated what makes people emotional in the first place. this means that the same event can evoke different emotions depending on culture

Question 18

calibration on the back end

Answer 18

culture regulated emotional displays and behaviors after emotions are triggered. there are cultural norms called cultural display rules that regulate how individuals from different cultures express (or fail to express) their emotions in different situations

Question 19

cultural display rules

Answer 19

culture-specific norms about whether and how emotions may be expressed, depending on the context

Question 20

deamplification

Answer 20

i experience emotion and express it less

Question 21

amplification

Answer 21

i experience emotion and express it more strongly

Question 22

neutralization

Answer 22

i experience emotion and do not express it

Question 23

qualification

Answer 23

i experience emotion and attach another emotions label to it

Question 24

masking/hiding

Answer 24

i experience a emotion and display another emotion

Question 25

simulation

Answer 25

i do not experience an emotion, but i express one

Question 26

Friesen

Answer 26

conducted a study in which american and japanese participants were shown a video of open-heart surgery and their reactions were recorded. in one case, the participants were alone in the room and the expressions of disgust were similar for both groups. in another case, an experimenter was in the room with them, after which both groups tries to mask their disgust, but the americans did so for less time. this shows that display rules play an important role in how the same universal emotions are expressed in different situations

Question 27

Matsumoto

Answer 27

showed participants from 30 different countries, pictures of people expressing emotions. participants were instructed to indicate how appropriate it is to express the emotion in different contexts. when a person is alone, countries display rules are similar. however, when the social context changes, some differences emerge: individualistic cultures are higher in their expression, especially when it comes to positive emotions

Question 28

Matsomoto, Kasri and Kooken

Answer 28

among american and japanese looked at differences in decoding or recognizing emotions. different emotions were shown for which participants were asked 1) what the emotions was, 2) how intensely the emotion was expressed, 3) how intense the experience associated with the emotion was. it came out that americans consider the expression of emotions to be more intense than the experience itself, with this being the same with japanese. thus, it is the americans who exaggerate the expression accompanying the experience

Question 29

socially engaging

Answer 29

emotions are based on interdependence and relationship with others such as kindness, respect, sympathy, etc. (more collectivist)

Question 30

socially disengaging

Answer 30

emotions are based on independence and autonomy such as pride, self-esteem or frustration (more individualistic)

Question 31

emotional complexity

Answer 31

positive and negative emotions can coexist

Question 32

dialectical thinking

Answer 32

if you can accept opposite thought, so can emotions

Question 33

cultural-specific emotions

Answer 33

emotions that are only described within certain culture with a specific word

Question 34

hyper-cognition

Answer 34

identifying different variation in emotions and assigning words to them

Question 35

hypo-cognition

Answer 35

fewer variation in recognizing emotions

Question 36

ideal effect

Answer 36

what is preferably experienced according to the culture

Question 37

real effect

Answer 37

what everyone actually experiences