Module 11: Social Behavior

Question 1

compliance

Answer 1

surrendering to social pressure regarding public behavior, but their own private beliefs have no changed

Question 2

conformity

Answer 2

surrendering to real or imagined social pressure
- often higher in collectivist countries than individualistic countries

Question 3

obedience

Answer 3

form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct order, often from an authority figure

Question 4

study by Asch

Answer 4

used an easy task to judge something. do you give the same right answer even if everyone around gives the wrong answer?
- 37% gave in to peer pressure and still ended up giving the wrong answer. this increased as the number giving a different answer increased. after many replications of this study and meta-analysis, 25% appear to go along

Question 5

study by Milgram

Answer 5

conducted an experiment on obedience in which participants had to administer a shock if people answered a question incorrectly. the shock was not really administered, but the participants did not know this. would the participants continue to administer the painful shock? 65% continued to do so. there are few replications of this study and results vary. thus, it is difficult to rule our cultural factors

Question 6

cooperation

Answer 6

the human ability of people to work together toward a common goal, based on cognitive skill. there are cultural differences, mainly due to the different systems of reinforcement and punishment in countries. punishment may encourage more cooperativeness in high-trust communities compared to low-trust communities

Question 7

social mindedness

Answer 7

small acts of interpersonal kindness, for example, pulling over when someone wants to pass. more socially minded countries show more prosocial orientations and implementations of environmental protection

Question 8

in-groups

Answer 8

people with whom we have a history of shared experiences, probably also share a future together, and with whom we experience a degree of intimacy, familiarity and trust

Question 9

in-group derogation/divergence

Answer 9

when a person has a negative attitude towards their own group

Question 10

out-group

Answer 10

people who lack qualities of the in-group. the perceptions of out-groups is associated with infrahumanization.

Question 11

infrahumanization

Answer 11

the belief that others are less human and we compare them to animals or objects

Question 12

individualistic vs collectivistic

Answer 12

Question 13

relational mobility

Answer 13

the freedom and opportunity you get to choose and live with interpersonal relationships, including from another group

Question 14

stereotypes

Answer 14

the generalized view of a particular group of people, which can be either positive or negative

Question 15

negative stereotypes

Answer 15

about out-groups, are easily developed based on the ethnocentric view of the world

Question 16

heterostereotypes

Answer 16

about other groups

Question 17

autostereotypes

Answer 17

about one’s own group

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

ignoring what contradicts their view and assuming what would reinforce it (part of stereotype)

Question 19

collectivist threat

Answer 19

the fear that an in-group member’s behavior may reinforce negative stereotypes about their own group

Question 20

ethnocentrism

Answer 20

the tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters. everyone is ethnocentric: through acculturation we learn what is right and appropriate in our society, and we also learn what is abnormal and wrong

Question 21

prejudice

Answer 21

the assessment of individuals based on membership in a particular group. has a cognitive component (stereotype) and an affective component (feeling towards the group)

Question 22

discrimination

Answer 22

the unfair treatment of others based on group membership

Question 23

explicit prejudice

Answer 23

(and racism) a person says outright that they have a negative prejudice against a particular group

Question 24

implicit bias

Answer 24

people can have unconscious biases

Question 25

interpersonal discrimination

Answer 25

the unfair treatment of others based on group membership

Question 26

institutional discrimination

Answer 26

occurs at the level of a large group, society, organization or institution

Question 27

consequences of discrimination

Answer 27

lower life satisfaction, depression or anxiety disorders

Question 28

discrimination vs. prejudice

Answer 28

discrimination includes action, while prejudice is only thoughts

Question 29

honor cultures

Answer 29

where norms and values are high around upholding good reputation and social status. when the reputation is threatened by insult or threat, reason, for violence arises

Question 30

micro-aggression

Answer 30

according to Sue: brief verbal, behavioural and environmental aggression that are derogatory, insulting and often racially motivated

Question 31

contact hypothesis

Answer 31

states that when contact occurs between groups, prejudice will be reduced

Question 32

good contact

Answer 32

according to the contact hypothesis, only good contact works to reduce prejudice. meaning the two groups must have: equal status, common goals, cooperation between groups, the support form authorities, laws or customs, and personal interaction

Question 33

Pettigrew and Tropp

Answer 33

intergroup contact reduces prejudice, especially when the groups are equal

Question 34

Kende et al

Answer 34

examined whether contact in egaliatian cultures causes stronger reduction in prejudice

Question 35

Kende et al findings

Answer 35

in countries with more egalitarian cultures contact strongly reduced prejudice. in less egalitarian countries contact sometimes led to more prejudice. this is due to different perceptions during contact: majorities focus on similarities, while minorities emphasize inequalities