Module 4: Acculturation

Question 1

psychological definition of acculturation

Answer 1

refers to the changes an individual experiences after contact with one or more cultures and/or participation in the process of cultural change in his cultural group

Question 2

anthropology definition of acculturation

Answer 2

the phenomenon that occurs when groups of individuals with different cultures come into long-term contact, resulting in a change in the original cultural patterns in one or both groups

Question 3

ethnocultural groups

Answer 3

mobility: sedentary, voluntary contact with other groups
- e.g. Welsh, English, Irish in the UK have voluntary contact with each other

Question 4

indigenous people

Answer 4

mobility: sedentary, involuntary contact with other groups
- e.g. Native Americans came into involuntary contact with Western colonizers

Question 5

immigrants

Answer 5

mobility: permanent migrants, voluntary contact with other groups
- e.g. German man living and working in the Netherlands

Question 6

refugees

Answer 6

mobility: permanent migrants, involuntary contact with other groups
- people who have been granted asylum

Question 7

sojourners

Answer 7

mobility: temporary migrants, voluntary contact with other groups
- e.g. internatinal students

Question 8

asylum seekers

Answer 8

mobility: temporary migrants, involuntary contact with other groups

Question 9

cultural preservation

Answer 9

retaining the characteristics of one’s own culture

Question 10

cultural adoption

Answer 10

adopting features of one’s culture into the ‘host culture’ or culture of settlement

Question 11

intercultural adaptation

Answer 11

how a person feels about cultural adoption

Question 12

Gordon (1964)

Answer 12

proposed a one-dimensional conceptualization
- ran from culture preservation at one end to culture acquisition at the other

Question 13

Berry (1990)

Answer 13

assumes a 2-dimensional conceptualization, which includes 4 acculturation orientations
- integration
- separation
- assimilation
- marginalization

Question 14

integration

Answer 14

lots of maintenance, lots of adaptation
- you see yourself as belonging to both cultural groups

Question 15

separation

Answer 15

lots of maintenance, little adaptation
- you want to maintain your heritage culture without adopting the host culture

Question 16

assimilation

Answer 16

little maintenance, lots of adaptation
- you shed your heritage culture and adopt the host culture

Question 17

marginalization

Answer 17

little maintenance, little adaptation
- the most dysfunctional orientation and often is not a conscious choice

Question 18

interactive acculturation model (Bourhis et al. 1997)

Answer 18

looks at the attitudes of the majority of the group in a culture
1. do people believe it is acceptable that immigrants maintain their home culture
2. do people believe is it acceptable that immigrants adopt their new culture

Question 19

integration

Answer 19

acceptable to maintain home culture and acceptable to adopt their new culture

Question 20

assimilation

Answer 20

not acceptable to maintain their home culture, but acceptable to adopt their new culture

Question 21

segregation

Answer 21

acceptable to maintain their home culture but not acceptable to adopt their new culture

Question 22

exclusion/individualism

Answer 22

not acceptable to maintain their home culture and not acceptable to adopt their new culture

Question 23

fusion model (LaFrombroise)

Answer 23

states that when 2 cultures closely interact, a new third culture is created that contains elements of both

Question 24

acculturation framework

Answer 24

one can have acculturation conditions (1)
- characteristics of the receiving society
- characteristics of the society of origin
- characteristics of the immigrant group
- personal characteristics (family)

Question 25

acculturation orientation (2)

Answer 25

acculturation conditions influence how you behave and whether you adopt cultural adaptation and/or cultural preservation

Question 26

acculturation outcomes (3)

Answer 26

• psychological well-being
• socio-cultural competence in ‘mainstream’ culture
• sociocultural competence in ethnic culture

Question 27

how acculturation can be measured

Answer 27

• one statement method
• two statement method
• four statement method
• vignette method

Question 28

one statement method

Answer 28

involves being asked to choose which of the statements offered best fits you
- limitations: it is difficult to choose a midpoint because you don’t know anything quantitatively

Question 29

two statement method

Answer 29

given 2 statements that you have to score on a scale (e.g. 1-5)
- allows you to work with mean, median, and mode
- may cause you to lose insight into the data

Question 30

four statement method

Answer 30

given 4 statements to score on a scale
- the statements are 2 statements in 1 (“I think … is important AND I think … is important”)
- limitations: it requires good cognitive and mental state to answer the questions, and participants’ interpretation may also differ

Question 31

vignette method

Answer 31

a description is given of a person who has to adapt to a new culture
- you are asked to what extent you agree with everything that person has done
- these many aspects sometimes make the question difficult which requires cognitive and mental abilities
- not always clear which part of the question the participants are answering

Question 32

acculturation gap

Answer 32

the discrepancy between acculturation of children and parents
- acculturation gap increases when father-child communication is poor, and decreases when it is better
- when the acculturation gap decreases, so does the number of internalized symptoms (e.g. depression) and vice versa

Question 33

pressure on acculturation

Answer 33

in institutions and organizations for young people such as schools, pressure on acculturation is counterproductive
- social support, multicultural policies, and encouragement of equal treatment works

Question 34

Celeste et al.’s policies of dealing with diversity and equality

Answer 34

• multiculturalism: recognizing and valuing being part of a group and its diversity
• colorblindness: minimizing differences, emphasizing individuals with equal treatment
• assimilationism: minority group fits in to the crowd

Question 35

how the policies of diversity relate to students’ school performance and belonging

Answer 35

• overall, the crowd scored higher on both school performance and belonging relative to the minority group
• the ‘gap’ of belonging was reduced with policies focused on mulitculturalism and also with assimilationism
• the ‘gap’ of achievement was reduced with the policy of colorblindness
• when minority groups felt they were treated more equally they felt more included, motivated, and performed better

Question 36

compartmentalized identity

Answer 36

when a person keeps different aspects of their identity separate, such as their cultural, social, or personal identities, rather than integrating them into a unified sense of self

Question 37

tridimensional acculturation (Ferguson, 2012)

Answer 37

‘belonging’ involves more than just your own culture and that of the one you want to belong to
- it involves a third party

Question 38

remote acculturation

Answer 38

the process by which people adopt aspects of another culture without direct, physical contact, often through exposure to global media, technology, or online interactions

Question 39

return migration

Answer 39

when people move back to their home country after living abroad for a period of time

Question 40

return of failure

Answer 40

due to social or political factors, the person cannot adapt to the country of migration

Question 41

return of conservatism

Answer 41

they migrated with the goal of returning to their country of origin later

Question 42

return of retirement

Answer 42

they return to their country of origin as soon as they finish working

Question 43

return of innovation

Answer 43

they have changed during their stay in the country they migrated to
- upon returning to their old country, they also plan to make changes through the things they have learned such as knowledge or values

Question 44

Almanci

Answer 44

what people in Turkey call it when people returning to Turkey after many years abroad are not accepted by the mono-cultural people still living there
- they have to re-acculturate

Question 45

intercultural contact

Answer 45

the start of the acculturation process

Question 46

cultural distance hypothesis

Answer 46

states that integration will be difficult when there are large differences between the home culture and host culture

Question 47

cross-cultural acculturation framework

Answer 47

states that the acculturation orientation a person chooses is influenced by the family, which affects adaptation