MODULE #9

Question 1

This means the degree to which changes in the dependent variable (effects) can be attributed to the independent variable (cause

Answer 1

Internal Validity

Question 2

Threats to Internal Validity

Answer 2

a. Selection Bias
b. History
c. maturation
d. testing
e. instrumental change
f. mortality

Question 3

This is the degree to which study results can be influenced or affected by external factors or populations and settings

Answer 3

External Validity

Question 4

Threats to external validity

Answer 4

a. hawthorne effect
b. experimenter effect
c. reactive effect of the pre-test
d. halo effect

Question 5

This exists when study results are attributed to the experimental treatment, when in fact results are due to differences among the subjects even before the treatment.

Answer 5

Selection bias

Question 6

This occurs when some events besides the experimental treatment takes place during the course of the study and affects or influences the dependent variable.

Answer 6

History

Question 7

This take place when changes within the subjects occur during the experimental study thus may influence study results

Answer 7

Maturation

Question 8

Possible testing threat in studies in which a pre-test is a requisite. This refers to the influence of the pre-test. which already projects the result of the post-test scores

Answer 8

Testing

Question 9

The existence of a difference between pre-test and post test results caused by change in the accuracy of the instrument of the ratings, rather than the results of the experimental treatment

Answer 9

Instrumentation change

Question 10

This happens when a difference exists between the subject dropout rates of either the experimental group and the control group.

Answer 10

Mortality

Question 11

effect occurs when study participants respond in a particular manner, or there is obvious change of behaviour because they are aware that they are being observed

Answer 11

Hawthorne effect

Question 12

Dealing with this problem is handled by having a control group that is subject to the same conditions as the treatment group, then administering a placebo to the control group.

Answer 12

Hawthorne effect

Question 13

The study is termed a ___ when the subject does not know whether he or she is receiving the treatment or a placebo

Answer 13

blind experiment

Question 14

the subjects, such as the researcher’s facial expression, gender and clothing among others.

Answer 14

Experimenter Effect

Question 15

This occurs when the subjects have been sensitized to the treatment by taking the pre-test and thereafter influence the post-test results.

Answer 15

Reactive Effect of the Pre-Test

Question 16

This is the tendency of the researcher to rate the subject high or low because of the impression he has on latter.

Answer 16

Halo Effect

Question 17

For the researcher to minimize threats to external validity, the ________ may be used to remove the observer’s bias. This means that neither the subject nor the observer knows the specific research objective
or the specific subjects who belong to the experimental or control group. Hence, the observer cannot distort the data

Answer 17

double blind method

Question 18

If the double blind method is not feasible, the _______ may be used to determine the extent of bias between the two observers as they both observe and record the subjects’ performance on a dependent variable.

Answer 18

double observer method