MODULE 10

Question 1

is the extent to which the measurements used, often questionnaires, actually test the hypothesis or theory they are measuring.

Answer 1

Construct Validity

Question 2

Threats to construct validity

Answer 2

1. reactivity to the study situation
2. researcher expectancies
3. Noveity effects
4. Compensatory effects
5. Treatment diffusion or contamination

Question 3

When people’s responses reflect, in part, their perceptions become part of the treatment construct under study There are several ways to reduce this problem, including blinding, using outcome measures not susceptible to reactivity (e.g. data from hospital records) and using pre-intervention strategies to satisfy participants’ desire to look competent or please the researcher.

Answer 3

Reactivity to the study situation

Question 4

A similar threat stems from the researcher’s influence on participant responses through subtle (or not so-subtle) communication about desired outcomes. When this happens, the researcher’s expectations become part of the treatment (or nonmanipulated independent variable) construct that is being tested. Blinding is a strategy to reduce this threat, but strategy is to use observations during course of the study to detect verbal or behavioral signs or expectations

Answer 4

Researcher expectancies

Question 5

When a treatment is new, participants and research agents alike might aller their behavior. People may be either enthusiastic or skeptical about new methods of doing things. Results may reflect reactions to the novelty rather than
to the intrinsic nature of an intervention, so the intervention construct is clouded by ____

Answer 5

Novelty effects

Question 6

In intervention studies, _______ can occur if health care staff or family members try to compensate for the control group members’ failure to receive a perceived beneficial treatment. The compensatory goods or services must then be part of the construct description of the treatment conditions

Answer 6

compensatory equalization

Question 7

is a related threat arising from the control group members’ desire to demonstrate that they can do as well as those receiving a special treatment.

Answer 7

Compensatory rivalry

Question 8

Sometimes alternative treatment conditions can get blurred, which can impede good construct descriptions of the independents variable. This may occur when participants in a control group condition receive services similar to those available in the treatment condition.

Answer 8

Treatment diffusion or contamination

Question 9

Threats to Statistical Conclusion Validity

Answer 9

Low statistical power
Restriction of range
Unreliable implementation of a treatment

Question 10

are used to support inferences about whether relationships exist

Answer 10

Statistical Methods

Question 11

refers to the ability to detect true relationships among variables. Adequate _____ can be achieved by using a sufficiently large sample. When small samples are used, statistical power tends to be low, and the analysis may fail to show that the independent and dependent variables are related, even when they are.

Answer 11

Statistical power

Question 12

Another aspect of statistical power is _____. This is achieved through accurate measuring tools, controls over confounding variables, and powerful statistical methods.

Answer 12

precision

Question 13

relationship between key research variables, it can be risky. Not only does this approach limit the generalizability of study findings, but it can also sometimes undermine statistical conclusion validity. When the use of homogeneity restricts the range of values on the outcome variable, relationship between the outcome and the independent variable will be attenuated, and may, therefore, lead to an erroneous inference that the variables are unrelated.

Answer 13

Restriction of Range

Question 14

When the use of homogeneity restricts the range of values on the outcome variable, relationship between the outcome and the independent variable will be ______, and may, therefore, lead to an erroneous inference that the variables are unrelated.

Answer 14

attenuated

Question 15

concerns the extent to which the implementation of an intervention is faithful to its plan. Interventions can be weakened by various factors, which researchers can often influence. One issue concerns the extent to which the intervention is similar from one person to the next. Usually, researchers strive for constancy of conditions in implementing a treatment because lack of standardization adds extraneous variation and can diminish the intervention’s full force.

Answer 15

Intervention fidelity, (or treatment fidelity)

Question 16

Determining that intervention was delivered as intended may need to be supplemented with efforts to ensure that the intervention was received as intended. This may involve a ______ to assess whether the treatment was in place, was understood or was perceived in an intended manner

Answer 16

manipulation check

Question 17

Another aspect of treatment fidelity for interventions designed to promote behavioral changes concern the concept of _____. _____ refers to participants’ performance of the treatment-related skilis, behaviors and cognitive strategies in relevant real-life settings

Answer 17

enactment

Question 18

Another issue is that participants often fail to receive the desired intervention due to lack of _____. It is not unusual for those in the experimental group to elect not to participate fully in the treatment for example. they may stop going to treatment sessions. This might mean making the intervention as enjoyable as possible, offering incentives, and reducing burden in terms of the intervention and data collection

Answer 18

treatment adherence.

Question 19

1.A pharmaceutical company is in a clinical trial of a new drug for COPD and the clients get excited, this can be a reactivity to situation under.

2. A control group was being left behind when it comes to weight. A family member visited the facility where the research is ongoing and has given some of the subjects food and vitamins. This is called:
3. A researcher has spoken to the participant in a study regarding her eagerness to find out the therapeutic effect of the new drug for COPD. This may result to what threat?

Answer 19

1. Novelty effects
2. Compensatory effects
3. Researcher Expectancies

Question 20

4. Homogeneity may result to erroneous inference that variables are unrelated in
5. A statistical power can be precise with the use of all of the following except

researcher expectancies

6. When participants in a control group condition receive services similar to those available in the treatm threat is:

Answer 20

4. Restriction of Range
5. Researcher expectancies
6. Treatment diffusion

Question 21

7 Manipulation check is utilized by the researcher in what threat to statistical conclusion validity?

8. It is a related threat arising from the control group members’ desire to demonstrate that they can do receiving a special treatment.
9. To address this threat to validity, it is important to consider whether there will be sufficient participants support the statistical analyses envisioned.
10. The degree to which inferences about relationships and differences from a statistical analysis of the data are accurate

Answer 21

7. Unreliable implementation of treatment
8. Compensatory rivalry
9. Low statistical power
10. Statistical Conclusion Validity