MODULE 12 Flashcards
is a branch of Mathematics used to summarized, organiza, present, analyze and interpret numerical data such as the numerical characteristics of sample parameters and the numerical characteristics of a population.
__ improve the quality of data with the design of experiments and survey sampling. ___ also provide tools for prediction and forecasting using data and statistical models. ___ is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including natural and social science, government business and nursing.
Statistics
Statistical methods can be used to summarize or describe a collection of data, this is called ____. This is useful in research, particularly when communicating the results of experiments.
descriptive statistics
randomized and uncertainty in the observations may be used to draw inferences about the process or population being studied, this is called
inferential statistics
is a vital element of scientific research, since it will predict a phenomenon based on data leading to theory development.
Inference
Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics or predictive statistics together compare .
applied statistics
are statistics intended to organize and summarize numerical data from the population and sample.
Descriptive Statistics or Summary Statistics
These are concerned with population and the use of sample data to predict future occurrences
Inferential statistics
which is the difference between data obtained from a random sampled population and data that would be obtained if an entire population is measured. ____ also occurs when the sample does not accurately reflect the population.
Sampling error
___ is a theoretical frequency distribution based on an infinite number of the samples. The researcher never actually draws an infinite number of samples from a population
Sampling distribution
occurs when samples are not carefully selected as in non-probability sampling
Sampling bias
This is a theoretical frequency distribution of all possible value in a population although no real distribution exactly fits the normal curve
Normal curve
usually assume that an extreme score (the group with extreme score do not belong to the same population) can occur in either tail of the normal curve.
Non-directional hypotheses
is the test for directional hypothesis and the extreme statistical values that occur on a single tail of the curve.
One-tailed test of significance
is the analysis of a non-directional hypothesis. This requires the researcher to have sufficient knowledge of the variables to predict whether the difference will be in the tail above the mean or the tail below the mean (Burns & Grove, 2007
Two-tailed test of significance
is the analysis of a non-directional hypothesis. This requires the researcher to have sufficient knowledge of the variables to predict whether the difference will be in the tail above the mean or the tail below the mean (Burns & Grove, 2007
Two-tailed test of significance