MODULE #2

Question 1

Methods of collecting data
The following are the ways to collect data

Answer 1

1. Use of already existing or available detail
2. Use of observers’ data
3. The use of self recording or the reporting approach
4. Use of Delphi Technique
5. Critical incident technique

Question 2

Form basic documents such as records of patients’ admissions, birth dates, and discharges among others.

Answer 2

Raw data

Question 3

Indicating number of patients admitted or discharged by year or month or total number of deliveries, surgeries or the workload of nurses.

Answer 3

Tubular data

Question 4

These are gathered through actual observation and recording of events. For ethical reasons the subject must be informed that they are being observed.

Answer 4

Observers data

Question 5

Types of observers

Answer 5

Non-participant observer
Participant observer

Question 6

This observer does not share the same milieu with the subjects and is not a member of the group or subjects of the study. Data from this source have the advantage of high level precision because subjective judgment is minimal.

Answer 6

Non-participant observer

Question 7

The observer identifies herself and her task of conducting research and informing the subjects of the types of data to be collected

Answer 7

Overt Non-participant observer

Question 8

The observer
does not identify herself to the subjects she will observe. This may not be ethical since the latter have the right to be informed of activities being involved in the process of research investigation.

Answer 8

Covert Non-participant Observer

Question 9

The observer shares the same millieu and is better acquainted with the subjects. Observer may be a member of the group assigned to collect data while taking part in the activity of the subjects.

Answer 9

Participant observer

Question 10

The observer is involved with the subject and has full knowledge and awareness of the subjects to be observed

Answer 10

Overt participant observer

Question 11

The observer interacts with the subjects and observes their behavior without their knowledge. This may be construed by the subjects as spying who might find out the real purpose of the observer’s activity. This may have ethical implications similar to those of the convert non participant observer.

Answer 11

covert participant observer

Question 12

Two methods of observations

Answer 12

structured observations
unstructured observation

Question 13

These are done when the researcher has prior knowledge of the phenomenon of interest. The behavior checklist may help indicate the frequency of the subjects observe behavior

Answer 13

structured observations

Question 14

The researcher attempts to describe the events or behavior with no preconceived ideas of what will be seen or observed. This requires a high degree of attention and concentration on the part of the researche.

Answer 14

unstructured observation

Question 15

Uses as a specially prepared document intended to collect data.
Called instruments

Answer 15

Self recording and reporting method of data collection.

Question 16

Self-recording and reporting method of data collection uses a specially prepared document intended to collect data called

Answer 16

instruments

Question 17

This technique uses a series of questionnaires to gather a consensus of options and information from a group of Experts

Answer 17

Delphi technique

Question 18

The following are types of delphi technique according to benner & ketefian (2008)

Answer 18

Classic
Modified
Policy
Real time
E-delphi

Question 19

Questions are presented to a panel of inform individuals in a scientific field asking their opinions on a particular issue or problem

Answer 19

Classic Delphi

Question 20

Uses interview or focus groups to gather their opinions on certain issues or trends

Answer 20

Modified

Question 21

Used mostly and organizations to examine and explore policy issues. A committee could be used to formulate the argued policy

Answer 21

Policy

Question 22

Uses a structured time, avoiding delay caused by pen and paper type, Hence a face to face analysis is done by the researcher

Answer 22

Real time

Question 23

This technique employs a set of principles for collecting data on observable human activities.

Answer 23

Critical incident technique

Question 24

Is the process of transforming data into numerical symbols that can be easily entered into the computer.

Answer 24

Coding