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Psyc 314 > Module 8 - Dissecting Pain > Flashcards

Module 8 - Dissecting Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What purpose does pain serve?

A

Warns of:
- Tissue damage
- Injury
- Disease

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2
Q

What might pain lead to?

A
  • Poor health behaviours
  • Loss employment/income
  • Depression, fear, anxiety
  • Social isolation
  • Sleep disorders
  • Marital/family dysfunction
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3
Q

What is the Specificity Theory of Pain proposed by Descartes in 1664?

A
  • Directly proportional to amount of tissue damage
  • Signal sent from nerve, to spine, to motor nerve and brain
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4
Q

What is the purely biomedical approach to pain?

A
  • one-to-one correspondence to injury/disease
  • focus on pharmacological, surgical, medical control pain
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5
Q

What are some unfortunate practices in a purely biomedical approach to pain?

A
  • Blaming patient
  • Assuming psychiatric disorder
  • Assume fake symptoms
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6
Q

What is the Gate-Control Theory of Pain?

A
  • Pain is NOT directly proportional to tissue damage
  • Neural pain gate in spinal cord opens and closes to modulate pain signals
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7
Q

What does the neural pain gate in the spinal cord that opens and closes to modulate pain signals to the brain involve?

A
  • Inhibitor and Projector Neurons
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8
Q

What do inhibitor and Projector Neurons respond to?

A
  • Somatosensory input
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9
Q

Where do inhibitor and projector neurons send signals?

A
  • To the brain
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10
Q

What kind of factors influence the opening and closing of the neural gate that modulates pain?

A
  • Physical
  • Emotional
  • Cognitive
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11
Q

What physical factors open the pain gate?

A
  • Extent of injury
  • Inappropriate activity level
  • Incactivity
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12
Q

What physical factors close the pain gate?

A
  • Medication
  • Counter stimulation (massage, heat)
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13
Q

What emotional factors open the pain gate?

A
  • Anxiety/Worry
  • Tension
  • Depression
  • Relationship Problems
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14
Q

What emotional factors close the pain gate?

A
  • Positive emotions
  • Relaxation
  • Social Support
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15
Q

What cognitive factors open the pain gate?

A
  • Focus on pain
  • Boredom
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16
Q

What cognitive factors close the pain gate?

A
  • Distraction
  • Concentration
  • Involvement/Interest in Activities
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17
Q

Do objective findings have clinical significance on pain levels?

A
  • NO
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18
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A
  • Results from current/past disease/damage in peripheral nerves
  • People experience pain in absence of noxious stimulus
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19
Q

What is Neuralgia?

A
  • Extremely painful syndrome in which patient experiences recurrent episodes of intense shooting or stabbing pain along a nerve
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20
Q

What does neuralgia often follow?

A
  • Infection
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21
Q

What is Causalgia?

A
  • Complex regional pain syndrome
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22
Q

What does Causalgia involve?

A
  • Recurrent episodes of severe burning pain
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23
Q

What is Causalgia often triggered by? example

A
  • Minor stimuli
  • Ex. clothes resting on area
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24
Q

What is Fibromyalgia?

A
  • Disorder involving chronic widespread pain
  • Heightened pain response to pressure in absence of tissue damage
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25
Q

What does fibromyalgia result from?

A
  • Neurochemical imbalance (imflammatory pathway activation in brain)
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26
Q

What is Phantom LImb Pain?

A
  • Pain experienced in an amputated limb
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27
Q

Explain the Neuromatrix Theory of Pain

A
  • Neuromatrix distributed throughout brain
  • Matrix can generate pain in absence of signals from sensory nerves
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28
Q

What is the body-self neuromatrix?

A
  • widespread network of neurons that generate pattern that is felt as whole body processing a sense of self
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29
Q

Where is pain produced in the Neuromatrix Theory?

A
  • Brain and Spinal Cord
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30
Q

Do cognitive and emotional factors affect the neuromatrix?

A
  • YES
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31
Q

What factors are involved in the biopsychosocial model of pain?

A
  • Biology
  • Psychology
  • Social Factors
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32
Q

What are the biology factors in the biopsychosocial model of pain?

A
  • Injury
  • Tissue Damage
  • Nervous System
  • Somatic Sensation
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33
Q

What are the psychology factors in the biopsychosocial model of pain?

A
  • Sensory
  • Cognitive
  • Emotional Factors
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34
Q

What are the social factors in the biopsychosocial model of pain?

A
  • Isolation
  • Relationship health
  • Social support
  • Work Setting
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35
Q

How is pain defined?

A
  • Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
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36
Q

Is pain objective?

A
  • NO (subjective)
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37
Q

What is the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale?

A
  • Pain rating 0-10
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38
Q

What are the advantages of the self-report measures of pain?

A
  • Serves important survival role
  • Permits somewhat accurate accounts of experience
  • Methodologically convenient
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39
Q

What are the limitations of a self-report measures of pain?

A
  • Dependent on cognitive/communication competence
  • Contextually drive; mood-dependent
    -Selective; Reflect perceived best interests, social desirability
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40
Q

What are some non-verbal measures of pain?

A
  • Facial/audible expression of distress
  • Distortions in posture or gait
  • Negative affect (mood, anxiety, depression)
  • Avoidance of activity
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41
Q

What are the neonatal facial coding scale of pain?

A
  • Brow lower
  • Eye squeeze
  • Squint
  • Blink
  • Flared Nostril
  • Nose Wrinkler
  • Nasolabila Furrow
  • Cheek Raiser
  • Open Lips
  • Upper Lip Raiser
  • Lip Corner Puller
  • Horizontal Mouth Stretch
  • Vertical Mouth Stretch
42
Q

How to code for pain in mice?

A
  • Orbital tightening
  • Nose bulge
  • Cheek bulge
  • Ear position
43
Q

What is organic pain?

A
  • Pain that has clearly identifiable physiological cause
44
Q

What is psychogenic pain?

A
  • Pain resulting from psychological processes
45
Q

What is the current recognition of all pain?

A

Involves both:
- Physiological factors
- Psychosocial factors

46
Q

What does positive emotion do to pain?

A
  • Reduce it
47
Q

What does negative emotion do to pain?

A
  • Worsen
48
Q

Why are pain and stress intimately linked?

A
  • Pain is stressful
  • Stress can produce pain
49
Q

What are the different ways of coping with pain?

A
  • Maladaptive Coping
  • Catastrophizing
  • Adaptive Coping
  • Acceptance
  • Positive Reappraisal
50
Q

What are the two types of maladaptive coping to pain?

A
  • Destructive Thinking
  • Helplessness
51
Q

What are some catastrophizing ways of coping with pain?

A
  • Frequent, magnified negative thoughts
  • Magnification
  • Rumination
  • Helplessness
52
Q

Expalin the appraisal model of pain catastrophizing

A
  • Primary appraisal
  • Secondary appraisal
53
Q

Explain the primary appraisal of pain catastrophizing

A
  • Focusing on/exaggerating threat value of pain
54
Q

Explain the secondary appraisal of pain catastrophizing

A
  • Appraisals of helplessness
  • Inability to cope
55
Q

What does catastrophizing increase with?

A
  • Pain intensity
56
Q

Explain adaptive coping of pain

A
  • Relaxation
  • Distraction
  • Redefinition of pain (reappraisal)
  • readiness to change, taking an active role
57
Q

Explain acceptance coping of pain

A
  • engage in activities despite the pain and disinclined to control or avoid the pain
58
Q

What do people with high levels of pain acceptance pay less attention to?

A
  • PAIN
59
Q

What do people with high levels of pain acceptance have greater of?

A
  • Self-Efficacy for daily tasks
  • Function
60
Q

What do people with high levels of pain acceptance use less of?

A
  • Pain medication
61
Q

What does positive reappraisal coping of pain attenuate?

A
  • Feelings of pain
62
Q

What does social support do for feelings of pain?

A
  • Attenuates it
63
Q

How are patients pain behaviours associated with social rewards they receive?

A
  • Avoid disliked social activities or receive help/attention
64
Q

What might solicitousness may lead to?

A
  • More pain behaviours
65
Q

Explain the communal coping model of pain catastrophizing

A
  • Manage distress in social context
66
Q

What does the caregiver provide in the communal coping model of pain catastrophizing?

A
  • Proximity
  • Support
  • Empathy
  • Assistance
67
Q

What parts make up of the social communication model of pain?

A
  • Person in pain & caregiver
  • Trauma (physical or perceived)
  • Interexchange
68
Q

What influences impact people in pain and the caregiver of the social communication model of pain?

A
  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
69
Q

Explain the exchanges that occur in the social communication model of pain

A
  • Personal experience of pain
  • Expression of pain
  • Pain assessment
  • Pain management
70
Q

what does the social communication model place primacy on ?

A
  • Interpersonal context of pain
71
Q

how does the dynamic interplay between patient and caregiver influence pain?

A
  • Continuously
72
Q

What is social pain?

A
  • Pain experienced as result of interpersonal rejection or loss
73
Q

What is the neural system that supports both physical and social experiences of pain?

A
  • Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI)
74
Q

What component of the brain is associated with distress?

A
  • Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
75
Q

What part of the brain is associated with regulating distress?

A
  • Right ventral prefrontal cortex
76
Q

Can Acetaminophin reduce social pain?

A
  • YES
77
Q

What are some clinical interventions for pain?

A
  • Surgical intervention
  • Chemical treatment
  • Stimulation therapies
  • Physical therapy & rehabilitation
78
Q

What kind of chemical treatments are used to treat pain?

A
  • Peripherally active analgesics
  • Cnetral acting analgesics / opioids
  • Local anesthetics
79
Q

What are peripherally active analgesics?

A
  • Acetaminophen
80
Q

What are centrally acting analgesics?

A
  • Morphine
81
Q

What are local anesthetics?

A
  • Noyocaine
82
Q

What are stimulation therapies?

A
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
83
Q

What is usually not enough to control pain, particularly chronic pain?

A
  • Medical methods alone
84
Q

Why are medical methods alone not usually enough for controlling chronic pain?

A
  • PScyhosocial factors play important role
85
Q

What are the goals of psychological treatments for pain including helping clients?

A
  • Reduce frequency/intensity pain
  • Improve emotional adjustment
  • Increase social/physical activity
  • Reduce analgesic drug use
86
Q

What is the operant approach to controlling pain?

A
  • Modifying consequences of behaviour
87
Q

What does operant approach to pain control do aside from reducing reliance on pain medications?

A
  • Promote ‘well’ behaviour
  • Discourage pain behaviour
88
Q

Is the operant approach to pain management succesful?

A
  • Yes, but hard to sustain once reward removed
89
Q

How does fear reduction work for pain management?

A
  • Have individuals do things they think might experience pain from
90
Q

Is fear reduction succesful for pain management?

A
  • Reduced pain fear and catastrophizing
  • Increase activity levels in individuals with chronic low back pain
91
Q

Explain Progressive muscle relaxation

A
  • Focusing attention on specific muscle groups while aternately tightening and relaxing muscles
92
Q

Explain meditation

A
  • Focus attention on meditation stimulus
  • midfulness
  • Become detached from feelings about pain
93
Q

What biofeedback is used for relaxation pain management?

A
  • Exert voluntary control over bodily functions (HR)
94
Q

What does the cognitive method of pain management entail?

A
  • Assessing/addressing pain-related belief and coping strategies
95
Q

What coping strategies would you promote in the cognitive method of pain management?

A
  • Distraction
  • Nonpain Imagery
  • Redefinition
96
Q

Explain the distraction coping strategy for pain

A
  • Focusing on a non-painful stimulus to divert attention
97
Q

Explain nonpain imagery coping strategy of cognitive method for pain management

A
  • Imagining a mental scene that is unrelated to or incompatible with the pain
98
Q

Explain redefinition coping strategy of cognitive method for pain management

A
  • REplacing unhelpful thoguhts with constructive/realistic ones
99
Q

Has hypnosis been found to be effective?

A
  • Treating acute/chronic pain
100
Q

What are cognitive behavioural therapy and psychoanalysis helpful for?

A
  • emotional difficulties
101
Q

What underscores the importance of biopsychosocial approach to pain management?

A
  • Chronic pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach to manage it

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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