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Psyc 314 > Module 7 - Using Health Services > Flashcards

Module 7 - Using Health Services Flashcards

1
Q

What are the series of health and illness-related behaviours?

A
  • Perception
  • Interpretation
  • Decision
  • Stages of Delay
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2
Q

Explain the Perception Stage of Health and Illness-related Behaviours

A
  • Detect/Perceive Symptoms
  • Awareness
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3
Q

Explain Interpretation Series of Health and Illness-related Behaviours

A
  • Interpret symptoms as potentially threatening
  • Illness, injury, disease inferred
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4
Q

Explain Decision Series of Health and Illness-related behaviours

A
  • Decide if med. attention needed
  • Intention set
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5
Q

Explain Stages of Delay Series of helath and illness-related behaviours

A
  • Appraisal
  • Illness
  • Utilization
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6
Q

What factors play a role in perceiving symptoms?

A
  • Individual
  • Environmental
  • Social
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7
Q

Explain Individual differences in perceiving symptoms

A
  • Extent to which they attend internal states
  • Some have heightened awareness/sensitivity bodily sensations
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8
Q

What do internally focused people somtimes do?

A
  • Exaggerate/Overestimate symptoms
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9
Q

Explain environmental and social factors that may play a role in perceiving symptoms

A
  • Boring situation
  • Other people report symptoms
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10
Q

What psychological factors influence perceiving symptoms?

A
  • Expectations
  • Negative emotions
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11
Q

What factors play into interpreting symptoms?

A
  • Prior Experiences
  • Commonsense Models of Illness
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12
Q

Explain how prior experiences impact interpreting symptoms

A
  • either help or hinder peoples interpretations of symptoms
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13
Q

Explain how commonsense models of illness impact interpreting symptoms

A
  • Illness identity
  • Causes/underlying pathology
  • Timeline or prognosis
  • consequences
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14
Q

Who are The Worried Well?

A
  • People who are unnecessarily anxious about their physical or mental health
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15
Q

What do the Worried Well do?

A
  • Misuse health service
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16
Q

What are the Somatic Symptom Disorders in the DSM-5-TR?

A
  • Somatic Illness Disorder
  • Illness Anxiety Disorder
  • Conversion Disorder
  • Factitious Disorder
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17
Q

Explain Somatic Illness Disorder

A
  • Somatic symptoms with anxiety
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18
Q

Explain Illness Anxiety Disorder

A
  • Preccupation with having/getting illness
  • Hypochondriasis
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19
Q

Explain Conversion Disorder

A
  • Altered voluntary motor/sensory function
  • Incompatible with neurological/medical condition
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20
Q

What is Conversion Disorder also called?

A
  • Functional neurological symptom disorder
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21
Q

Explain Factitious Disorder

A

One deceives others by:
- appearing sick
- Purposely getting sick
- Self-injury

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22
Q

What is a Lay Referral Network?

A
  • People decide to seek medical attention for their symptoms, they typically get advice from friends, relatives, or co-workers
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23
Q

What might a lay referral network do?

A
  • Help interpret a symptom
  • Give advice about seeking care
  • Recommend a remedy
  • Recommend talking to someone else
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24
Q

Who reports more difficulties for accessing health services?

A
  • Women
  • Indigenous People
  • Immigrants
  • Low-income Canadians
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25
Q

Who is more likely to use health services overall: men or women?

A
  • Women
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26
Q

Why might women use helath care services more often then men?

A
  • Gender-specifc care
  • Develop more illnesses
  • More medication for acute conditions
  • Men less willing to report symptoms, seek care
  • Men socialized to ignore symptoms
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27
Q

Why might women report more difficulties accessing health care services compared to men?

A
  • More frequent use of health services
  • Lack of physician-training on women’s health
  • Women less likely to be adequately treated (pain)
  • Women more often report not feeling respected
  • Financial limitations (lower wages, family responsiblities)
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28
Q

Do low-income canadians have longer wait times for hospitals?

A
  • YES
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29
Q

Do immigrants have longer wait times at hospitals?

A
  • YES
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30
Q

How can stigma impact health services?

A
  • Interfere
  • Transgender adults get refused medical care
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31
Q

What groups might see health care services interfered with due to stigma?

A
  • Older Adults
  • Visible Minorities; Immigrants; refugees
  • LGBTQ+ individuals/families
  • Overweight
  • Miscarried
  • Abortions
  • Mental Ill
  • Substance abuse
  • Poverty/homeless
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32
Q

How does WHO describe rights to health?

A
  • Right to control one’s health/body and the right to a health system that offers equal opportunty to attain health
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33
Q

How can doctors be problematic for communication?

A
  • Doctor Centred
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34
Q

How can patients be problematic for communication?

A
  • poor listener
  • insist
  • fail to follow recommendations
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35
Q

Explain Patient-Centred Communication

A
  • Providers see problem/treat as patient does (empathy)
  • Enlist patient’s cooperation
36
Q

What is compassion fatigue?

A
  • Emotional exhaustion due to frequent/difficult patients
37
Q

What are the 3 main components of burnout?

A
  • Emotional Exhaustion
  • Depersonalization
  • Low Sense of Personal Accomplishment
38
Q

What has positive correlations with empathy?

A
  • Compassion Fatigue
  • Burnout
39
Q

How might burnout and empathy be seen to have negative correlation?

A
  • empathy makes work meaningful
  • Burnout reduces empathy
40
Q

What is clinical empathy?

A
  • Understanding inner experiences and perspectives of patient as separate individual
  • Communicating this to them
41
Q

What do adherence and compliance refer to?

A
  • Extent to which a patient follows medical advice or instructions
42
Q

What is the average overall rate of adherence?

A

60%

43
Q

When is adherence very low?

A
  • Recommended lifestyle changes
44
Q

What does it mean to make it SIMPLE to enhance patient adherence?

A
  • Simplify Regimen
  • Impart Knowledge
  • Modify Patient Beliefs
  • Patient Communication
  • Leave the Bias
  • Evaluate Adherence
45
Q

What does being hospitalized do to the sick-role experience?

A
  • Adds negative aspects
46
Q

How does being hospitalized add negative aspects to the sick-role experience?

A
  • Limits privacy
  • Restricts activities
  • High dependence
  • Stressful events/experiences
47
Q

What kind of coping will you see in the hospital?

A
  • Problem-focused
  • Emotion-focused
  • Blame
  • Helplessness
  • Denial, rumination, catastrophizing
48
Q

When is problem-focused coping common in the hospital?

A
  • When patients believe they can do something about the problem
49
Q

When is emotion-focused coping common in the hospital?

A
  • When patients perceive having no control
50
Q

What is blaming others associated with in the hospital?

A
  • Poor adjustment
51
Q

When can helplessness arise in hospitals?

A
  • feeling of low control
52
Q

What can helplessness do for later situations where control may be possible?

A
  • Impede
53
Q

What is the most effective approach to helping patients prepare for procedures?

A

Enhance
- Behavioural control
- Cognitive control
- Informational control

54
Q

Explain enhancing behavioural control to prepare patient for procedures

A
  • Reduce discomfort/promote recovery through certain actions
  • Special breathing/coaching exercise
55
Q

Explain enhancing cognitive control when preparing a patient for procedures

A
  • focus on benefits of procedure not unpleasant aspects
56
Q

Explain enhancing informational control when preping patients for procedure

A
  • Information about what to expect during/after procedure
57
Q

How do people vary in the amount of health-related information they desire?

A
  • Monitors
  • Blunters
58
Q

Explain Monitor patients

A
  • Concerned/worried
  • Seek information
  • Motivated by detailed information (risk/strategies)
59
Q

Explain Blunter patients

A
  • Overwhelmed by info
  • Avoid info
  • Motivated by short, non-threatening info
60
Q

What happens if a Blunter or Monitor receives the wrong level of information?

A
  • react negatively
61
Q

What are the main factors related to patient’s satisfaction in health-care?

A
  • Quality of care
  • Quality of interaction with practitioner
  • Sense of autonomy/informed consent
62
Q

What are the predictors of patient satisfaction with health system in Europe

A
  • Autonomy
  • Choice
  • Communication
  • Confidentiality
  • Dignity
  • Prompt Attention
  • Quality of Basic Amenities
63
Q

What did the Canadian Institute for Health Information identify 3 Key factors for patient satisfaction?

A
  • Communication
  • Coordination among care providers
  • Support/plan for leaving hospital
64
Q

What has patient satisfaction been associated with?

A
  • Reduced hypertension
  • Fewer complications
  • Reduced mortality
  • Improved patient compliance/adherence
  • Improved use of health services
65
Q

Why do single bed hospital rooms result in better physical and mental health outcomes for patients?

A
  • Reduced infection
  • Improved privacy
66
Q

What is alternative medicine?

A
  • healing effects but not science based
67
Q

What is complementary medicine?

A
  • Alternative medicine used with conventional medical treatment
68
Q

What is CAM?

A
  • Complementary and Alternative MEd
69
Q

What are the types of CAM?

A
  • Manipulative/body-based methods
  • Natural products
  • Mind-body interventions
70
Q

What are some examples of Manipulative and body-based methods of CAM?

A
  • Chiroptractic Care
  • Message Therapy
  • Reflexology
71
Q

Examples of Natural Products method of CAM

A
  • Herbal products
  • Vitamin/mineral supplements
  • Dietary supplement
72
Q

Examples of mind-body intervention method of CAM

A
  • Progressive muscle relaxation
  • Meditation
  • Yoga
73
Q

What concerns are there about CAM?

A
  • Can have harmful side effects
  • Profit from false claims
  • Forgo conventional medicine
74
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A
  • improvement due to therapeutic intent not specific in nature
75
Q

What are Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) designed to measure?

A
  • efficacy of drug under optimal conditions
  • Using control group
76
Q

How is placebo controlled for in RCTs?

A
  • Control group with inert treatment
77
Q

What effects the influence of a placebo effect?

A
  • Shape
  • Size
  • Colour
  • Taste
  • Quantity
78
Q

What are green and blue pills associated with?

A
  • Sedative effects
79
Q

What are yellow and red pills associated with?

A
  • Stimulant effects
80
Q

What are white pills associated with?

A
  • Pain meds
81
Q

What are capsules considered more effective than?

A
  • Tablets
82
Q

Is deception necessary for placebo effect?

A
  • NO
83
Q

Why does the placebo effect happen?

A
  • Improve with time
  • Confirmation bias
  • Expectations
  • Pharmacological conditioning
  • Human connection
84
Q

What is the Nocebo Effect?

A
  • Belief that harmless substance is harmful can result in physical symptoms
85
Q
A

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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