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Psyc 314 > Module 6 - Key Factors in Change > Flashcards

Module 6 - Key Factors in Change Flashcards

1
Q

How did the CDC’s Anti-smoking campaign in 2012 impact the tobacco industry?

A
  • No impact on earnings
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2
Q

What were the most successful anti-smoking ads?

A
  • emotionally evocative
  • Contain personalized stories
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3
Q

Who plays an important role in disseminating health-related information other than health agencies and medical professionals?

A
  • Mass Media
  • News Outlets
  • Internet
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4
Q

What plays a role in whether or not health-related information is effective?

A
  • The way its delivered
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5
Q

What is educational appeal messaging?

A
  • Provide general information (vs. tailored content)
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6
Q

What does educational appeal messaging assume?

A
  • People will be motivated to improve a health behaviour with correct information
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7
Q

What factors must be considered about educational appeal messaging’s success rate?

A
  • Colour/vividness of ads
  • Expertise, likeability, relatability
  • Avoidance of jargon/stats
  • Length of message
  • Placement of strong argument
  • Presentation of both sides
  • Clarity of conclusion
  • Avoidance of extremes
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8
Q

What does message framing refer to?

A
  • Whether information emphasizes the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a behaviour or decision
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9
Q

What do gain-framed messages focus on?

A
  • Attaining desirable consequences or avoiding negative ones
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10
Q

Give an example of gain-framed messaging

A
  • If you exercise, you will become more fit and less likely to develop heart disease
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11
Q

What does gain-framed messaging work best for?

A
  • motivating behaviours that serve to prevent or recover from illness or injury (eg., using condoms, performing physical therapy)
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12
Q

What does loss-framed messaging focus on?

A
  • Getting undesirable consequences and avoiding positive ones
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13
Q

Example of loss-framed messages

A
  • if you do not get your blood pressure checked, you could increase your chacnes of having a heart attack or stroke, and you will not know that your blood pressure is good.
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14
Q

What does loss-framed messaging seem to work best for?

A
  • Behaviours that occur infrequently and serve to detect a health problem early
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15
Q

Example of things that loss-framed messaging works best for

A
  • Drinking and driving
  • Getting a mammogram
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16
Q

Explain fear appeal message framing

A
  • assumes instilling fear will lead to change
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17
Q

When is fear appeal message framing more persuasive?

A
  • Emphasize consequences
  • Include personal information
  • Provide specific instruction
  • Boost self-efficacy before urging them to change
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18
Q

Explain motivational interviewing

A
  • One-on-one counselling style designed to help individuals explore and resolve their ambivalence in changing a behaviour
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19
Q

What was motivational interviewing originally developed for?

A
  • Counselling of alcoholics
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20
Q

What kind of approach is motivational interviewing?

A
  • Semi-directive, client-centered therapeutic
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21
Q

What methods does motivational interviewing follow?

A
  • Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and cognitive behavioural therapy
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22
Q

What are the 2 key features of motivational interviewing?

A
  • Decisional Balance
  • Personalized Feedback
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23
Q

Explain decisional balance of motivation interviewing

A
  • Clients list reasons for and against changing behaviour
  • Used for points of discussion
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24
Q

Explain personalized feedback of motivational interviewing

A

Clients received information on:
- pattern of problem behaviour
- Comparisons with norms
- Risk factors/consequences of behaviour

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25
Q

What does BASICS stand for?

A
  • Breif Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students
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26
Q

What is BASICS?

A
  • A harm reduction approach
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27
Q

What was BASICS designed for?

A
  • help students make better alcohol-use decisions based on a clear understanding of the risks associated with problem drinking
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28
Q

How is BASICS applied?

A
  • Over 2 brief interviews
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29
Q

What was done during the 2 brief interviews of BASICS?

A
  • Assess risk problem behaviours, obtaining commitment to monitor drinking between interviews.
  • Provide personalized feedback, including comparison to norms, risks, and advice on how to drink safely
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30
Q

What strategies were suggested for the BASICS program?

A
  • Slowing down
  • Spacing drinks
  • Different types of drinks
  • Drink for quality vs. quantity
  • Enjoy mild effects of alcohol
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31
Q

What do behavioural methods focus on?

A
  • Helping people manage the antecedents & consequences of a behaviour
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32
Q

Explain what cognitive methods focus on

A
  • changing people’s thought processes
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33
Q

What is one popular intervention that focus on cognitive and behavioural methods?

A
  • Cognitive behavoural therapy (CBT)
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34
Q

What are the three parts of using cognitive behavioural therapy in its application to alcohol abuse?

A
  • Identify unhelpful / unrealistic thoughts and beliefs that contribute to problems
  • Identify triggers (internal/external) that cause you to drink
  • Engage in more realistic and helpful thoughts
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35
Q

What have electronic interventions that are guided by a therapist/counsellor shown to be clinically effective for?

A
  • Substance abuse
  • Other problem behaviour
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36
Q

What can cause difficulties in maintaining health behavioiur changes?

A
  • Lapse
  • Relapse
  • Abstinence-Violation Effect
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37
Q

Explain Lapse

A
  • Instance of backsliding which does not indicate failure
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38
Q

Explain example of lapse

A
  • A person who quits smoking has a cigarette
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39
Q

Explain Relapse

A
  • Falling back to original pattern of undesirable behaviour
40
Q

When is relapse common?

A
  • Trying to change long-term habits
41
Q

Explain Abstinence-Violation Effect

A
  • Experience a lapse can destroy ones confidence in remaining abstinent and precipitate a full relapse
  • Lapse to relapse
42
Q

what is the relapse prevention method?

A
  • Self-management program
43
Q

What do Clients do in the relapse prevention method?

A
  • Identify high-risk situations
  • Acquire coping skills
  • Practice coping in high-risk situation with therapist supervision
44
Q

How do clients learn to identify high-risk situation in the relapse prevention method?

A
  • Generating a list and description of antecedent conditions that lead to lapse
45
Q

What is social engineering?

A
  • Changing social environment in order to better support healthy behaviours
46
Q

What are examples of social engineering?

A
  • Nutritional guidlines
  • Seatbelt laws, road safety
  • School vaccination programs
  • Smoking prohibition
  • Taxation of alcohol to increase cost
  • Restricting Alcohol to adults
  • Taxes on sugary drinks
  • Eliminating Trans Fats in Foods
47
Q

Does evidence suggest that decriminalization increases the risk of drug use?

A
  • NO
48
Q

What does a harm reduction approach to substance abuse entail?

A
  • Reduce negative consequences of substance use
  • Treat people who use drugs with respect and dignity
49
Q

What is the purpose of harm reduction approach to substance abuse?

A
  • Reduce/remove social stigma
  • Motivate to stay healthy/contributing members of society
50
Q

What benefits were seen after the insite supervised drug consumption site in 2003, downtown east side vancouver?

A
  • Reduction in public injecting/syringe sharing
  • INcrease detox service/addiction treatment
  • Drop in overdose deaths/HIV infections
51
Q

Describe Addiction

A
  • Condition, produced by repeated consumption of natural/synthetic psychoactive substance
  • Physically/psychologically dependent on substance
52
Q

When does physical dependence exist?

A
  • When body adjusts to substance and incorporates into normal functioning
53
Q

When is psychological dependence a thing?

A
  • individual compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it
54
Q

What are some substance-related/addictive disorders?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Caffeine
  • Cannabis
  • Phencyclidine
  • Hallucinogens
  • Inhalants
  • Opioids
  • Sedatives
  • Hypnotics
  • Anxiolytics
  • Stimulants
  • Tobacco
55
Q

What are the two types of addiction disorders in the DSM-5-TR?

A
  • Substance-related
  • Gambling disorder
56
Q

What are the short-term effects of alcohol?

A
  • Reduced coordination
  • Diminished cognitive ability
  • Judgement, decision making
  • Aggression / Emotionality
  • Accidents
57
Q

Explain long-term effects of alcohol

A
  • Liver damage
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Various types of cancer
  • Depression
  • Alcohol Use Disorder
58
Q

What is problem drinking?

A
  • heavy or frequent drinking
59
Q

What can problem drinking involve?

A
  • binge drinking (more than 5/one occasion every 30 days)
60
Q

How many people who abuse alcohol are addicted?

A

50%

61
Q

Explain alcohol use disorder

A
  • problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinicallly significant impairement or distress
62
Q

what must manifest within 12-month period for alcohol use disorder?

A

At least 2 of:
- Alcohol in large amount/long time
- Persistent desire to cut down
- Time spent in activities trying to obtain or use alcohol
- Craving/strong urge for alcohol
- Interfering with work, school, home
- Continue despite social problems
- Giving up social/work activities
- Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations
- Continue despite knowing better
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal

63
Q

Explain Tolerance

A
  • Diminished effect over time
  • Need for greater amounts to achieve same effect
64
Q

Explain the severe symptoms of withdrawal

A
  • Nausea
  • Sweating
  • Tremors
  • Insomnia
  • Hallucinations
  • Anxiety
65
Q

What outperforms traditional counselling in alcohol intervention?

A
  • Motivational interviewing
66
Q

what happens with a less severe drinking problem?

A
  • Better chance of succeeding controlled drinking
67
Q

Who has the best prospects for controlled drinking of those among problem drinking?

A
  • Young
  • Socially stable
  • short history alcohol abuse
  • Not experienced severe withdrawal
68
Q

Who should not try to pursue a goal of controlled drinking?

A
  • Long-term alcoholics
69
Q

What situations might be high risk for relapse?

A
  • Intrapersonal High-Risk Situations
  • Interpersonal High-Risk Situations
70
Q

Expand on Intrapersonal High-risk situations

A
  • Negative emotional stress
  • Positive emotional states
  • Exposure to alcohol-related stimuli or cues
  • Non-specific cravings
71
Q

Expand on INterpersonal High-risk situations

A
  • Interpersonal conflict
  • Social pressure, direct/indirect
  • Exposure to setting/situation that are cues
72
Q

Are there differences between abstainers and moderate drinkers in Coronary heart disease?

A
  • NO
73
Q

What is the systems approach to obesity?

A
  • Product of environmental/lifestyle factors (NOT biological)
74
Q

Is obesity heritable?

A
  • Yes
75
Q

What happens in most cases of genetic predisposition of obesity?

A
  • Risk increased 20-30%
76
Q

Explain the Health Halo Effect

A
  • Judge entire food as healthy based on one/more narrow attributes (percieved as healthy)
77
Q

When is food considered healthy?

A
  • Labeled “low-calorie”; “organic”; “all-natural”
  • From restaurant
78
Q

When were individuals more likely to make indulgent food choices?

A
  • When healthy items were available
79
Q

What community-level factors are associated with higher risk of obesity?

A
  • Lower socioeconomic status
  • Lower % college/uni graduates
  • Fewer grocery stores/farmer markets
  • Low satisfaciton/safety with public transprotation
  • Reduced accessiblity to sport facilities
80
Q

What behaviours are implicated in obesity across the lifespan?

A
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Physical inactivity
  • Poor sleep
  • Screen Time
  • Stress (cortisol)
  • Interpersonal Factors
81
Q

What can improve success of dieting and healthy eating?

A
  • Self-efficacy, confidence, social support
82
Q

What do compensatory beliefs do for diet adherence?

A
  • Compromise weight loss success
83
Q

What does food-related guilt correlate with?

A
  • Lower perceived control over eating
  • Less successful weight maintenance
84
Q

Why can artificial sweeteners lead increased sugar consuption?

A
  • Expectant energy boost
  • Craving result of absence
85
Q

What diets are problematic?

A
  • Crash diets unhealthy
  • Low-carb diet (death/depression)
86
Q

What is the best diet?

A
  • Sustainable, balanced diets that provide optimal amounts of all essential nutrients for metabolic needs
87
Q

What is more predictable of poor health and obesity: Processed sugar or dietary fat?

A
  • Processed Sugar
88
Q

What exhibits symptoms of gluten sensitivity?

A
  • Fructans (not gluten)
89
Q

Explain Healthy at Every Size Approach

A
  • size-acceptance, end weight discrimination, reduce cultural obsession with weight loss/thinness
90
Q

What does weight stigma factor into?

A
  • Weight Gain
  • Poor Health
91
Q

What does stigma predict?

A
  • Mortality
92
Q

What mechanisms cause stigma to factor in both weight gain and poor health?

A
  • Increase stress
  • Poor coping
  • Poorer treatmetn
  • Inadequate care
  • Internalization interfere with weight management
93
Q

What is the most common reason for not exercising?

A
  • Time
94
Q

What, other than time, causes people not to exercise?

A
  • No convenient place
  • Weather Conditions
  • Stress/Depression
  • Social Influences
  • Unpleasant aspects of exercise
  • Underestimate the enjoyment
  • Low self-efficacy, belief in success
95
Q

What are the risks of sedentary lifestyle?

A
  • premature death
  • depression
96
Q

What is the recommended amount of exercise?

A
  • 2 1/2 hours / week
97
Q

How does low SES minority status lead to increased morbitidy and mortality?

A
  • Poor health behaviours
  • poorer knowledge of risk factors
  • poor environments
  • Barriers to access health services

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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