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Psyc 314 > Module 10 - Psychosocial Factors in Dying & Aging > Flashcards

Module 10 - Psychosocial Factors in Dying & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What is death?

A
  • Irreversible loss of circulation/respiration or irreversible loss of brain function or brain stem alone
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2
Q

When is death considered premature?

A
  • Before the age of 75
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3
Q

Why is the dying process quite variable?

A
  • The course and length of illness vary greatly from one disease to another
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4
Q

What is futile care?

A
  • Continuued provision of care or treatment to a paitent when there is a no reasonable hope of a cure or benefit
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5
Q

What has a positive correlation with moral distress among ICU nurses?

A
  • Futile medical care
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6
Q

What is palliative care?

A

Intended to:
- Reduce pain & Discomfort
- Improve quality of life
of patient with chronic illness

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7
Q

What is the standard form of care in nursing home?

A
  • Palliative Care
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8
Q

What is hospice palliative care?

A
  • Relief of suffering from terminal illness
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9
Q

What is palliative care desinged to provide?

A
  • Warm, personal comfort at the end of life
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10
Q

When does palliative care begin?

A
  • When treatment of the disease is stopped
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11
Q

What is discountinued during palliative care?

A
  • Invasive treatments
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12
Q

What are some key goals of palliative care?

A
  • Psychological comfort
  • Increase social support
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13
Q

Why might palliative care extend beyond a person’s death?

A
  • To assist in bereavement
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14
Q

Where might hospice care occur?

A
  • palliative care units of hospitals
  • Freestanding hospices
  • Homes
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15
Q

What is home care accompanied by?

A
  • Improved personal control and availability of support
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16
Q

Why might home care be problematic?

A
  • For family members
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17
Q

What often goes unaccommodated in Canadian Hospitals?

A
  • Indigenous culture and specific traditions related to death and dying
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18
Q

What has palliative care been associated with?

A
  • Lower Pain
  • Improved Quality of Life
  • Lower Anxiety and Depression
  • Reduction in Disease Symptomology
  • PRolonged Survival
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19
Q

What are Avery Weisman’s goals for medical staff working with dying patients?

A
  • Informed Consent
  • Safe Conduct
  • Significant Survival
  • Anticipatory Grief
  • Timely and “appropriate death”
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20
Q

Why is terminal care often more difficult for medical staff and formal care providers?

A
  • Emotionally draining
  • Unpleasant custodial work
  • Not curative care
  • Less interesting / stimulating
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21
Q

What is physician assisted suicide?

A
  • Physician knowingly and intentionally provides person with knowledge and/or means required to end their life
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22
Q

What does physician assisted suicide include?

A
  • Counselling about lethal doses
  • Prescribing lethal drugs
  • Supplying lethal drugs
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23
Q

What did the supreme court of Canada rule in 2015?

A
  • Canadians have right to assisted suicide
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24
Q

What did Bill C-14 restrict in 2016?

A
  • Medical assistance in dying to mentally competent adults who have incurable disease
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25
Q

What happened in Quebec in 2019 about assisted dying?

A
  • Ruled restrincting MAiD to people with foreseable death is unconstinutional
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26
Q

What happened in 2020 regarding assisted suicide?

A
  • Online survey seeking feedback from Canadians about it
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27
Q

What happened after the 2020 survey on assisted suicide in Canada?

A
  • Bill C-7 was introduced
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28
Q

What did Bill C-7 do?

A
  • Expanded MAiD access
  • Removing the requirement that death is foreseable
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29
Q

What are the 2 safeguards for non-foreseeable deaths to get MAiD?

A
  • 90-day waiting period in most cases
  • Consultation with one physician who has expertise in the person’s condition
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30
Q

Can mental illness be the sole underlying condition for MAiD?

A
  • Only after two years
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31
Q

What are some of the concerns and criticism of physician-assisted suicide?

A
  • Incompatibility with care provider’s ethics
  • Errors in diagnosis or prognoses
  • Coercion by family members or physicians
  • Suicide contagion effect
  • Impact on disabled people
  • Disproportionate impacts on vulnerable groups
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32
Q

What was the biggest cause of people requesting physician assisted suicide in Canada?

A
  • Decreased ability to participate in activities that made life enjoyable
  • Loss of Autonomy
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33
Q

What were the highest risks of suicide?

A
  • Traumatic Brain Injuries
  • Sleep Disorders
  • HIV/AIDS
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34
Q

What is the Stages of Dying?

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
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35
Q

Explain the Denial Stage of Dying

A
  • Lack of belief or acceptance
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36
Q

Explain the Anger Stage of Dying

A
  • Expressed toward those who are closest
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37
Q

Explain the Bargaining Stage of Dying

A
  • Negotiation for more time or longer life
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38
Q

Explain the Depression Stage of Dying

A
  • Despair over the recognition of mortality
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39
Q

Explain the Acceptance Stage of Dying

A
  • Mortality and future embraced
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40
Q

What is the principal coping mechanism people use during the terminal phase of dying?

A
  • Denial
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41
Q

What is death acceptance?

A
  • Giving in and realizing of the inevitability of death
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42
Q

Is death acceptance happy or sad?

A
  • Neither, sometimes void of feelings
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43
Q

What happens after death acceptance?

A
  • No longer in denial
  • Neither depressed nor angry
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44
Q

What does death denial often involve?

A
  • Denying death and minimizing prognosis
  • Simultaneously making plans for death
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45
Q

What does death denial do?

A
  • Prevents us from being overwhelmed by the terror of death
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46
Q

What did Weisman propose as 4 requirements for the dying patients?

A
  • Reduced conflcits
  • Compatibility with ego ideal
  • Continuity of relationships preserved/restored
  • Fulfillment of prevailing wish(es)
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47
Q

What psychological factors and goals become more salient as an individual approaches death?

A
  • Regrets
  • Wishes and Goals
  • Reminiscence
  • Generativity
  • Symbolic Immortality
  • One’s LEgacy
  • Existential Reflection
  • Spirituality / Religiosity
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48
Q

What is reminiscnence?

A
  • Process of recollecting one’s past experience & life events
  • Spontaneous
49
Q

What is a Life Review?

A
  • Return of memories/past conflicts at end of life
  • Spontaneous or structured evaluation/reconciliation of one’s life
50
Q

What is a Guided Autobiography?

A
  • Reconstructing the past and integrating it with the present
  • Systematic
51
Q

What is Symbolic Immortality?

A
  • Sense of leaving behind a legacy
  • Passing along wisdom to next generation
52
Q

What might symbolic immortality involve?

A
  • raising a child
  • Starting an organization
  • Volunteering
  • Sharing Wisdom
53
Q

What is Generativity?

A
  • Concern for establishing and guiding next generation
54
Q

What is Religiosity?

A
  • Personal involvement in and commitment to organized religion
55
Q

What is spirituality?

A
  • Personal quest for understanding answers to ultimate quesitons about life, meaning, and relationship to sacred or transcendent
56
Q

Explain Finding Acceptance

A
  • Sources of meaning and purpose at end of life can help dying individuals reach death acceptance
57
Q

What is death acceptance related to?

A
  • Well-being and quality of life
58
Q

What is death anxiety?

A
  • Worry
  • Dread
  • Terror over the prospect and process of dying
59
Q

Why might older adults think more about death than middle-aged adults yet fear death less?

A
  • More experience with loss/death
  • Lived long life and accepting death is natural
60
Q

Who is more likely to fear death: young or old adults?

A
  • Young
61
Q

Who is more likely to fear the dying process: Young or old adults?

A
  • Old adults
62
Q

What is bereavement?

A
  • Period of suffering a loss through death
63
Q

What is Grief?

A
  • Intense sadness and emotional pain caused by the death of a loved one
64
Q

What is mourning?

A
  • Refers to public display of grief
65
Q

What is the Survivor’s Acceptance?

A
  • Accepting relaity that our loved one is physically gone and this new reality is permanent
66
Q

What does survivor acceptance involve? what does it not involve?

A

Involve
- Learning to live with new reality and pain
Not Involve
- Being Okay with what has happened

67
Q

What is integrated grief?

A
  • Lasting form of grief
  • Loss-related feelings, behaviours are integrated into persons ongoing function
68
Q

What is complicated grief?

A
  • Griving process does not progress as expected
69
Q

What are the typical symptoms of complicated grief?

A
  • Prolonged acute grief w/ intense sorrow
  • Frequent troubling thoughts about death
  • Excessive avoidance of reminders of loss
70
Q

What is prolonged grief disorder (DSM-5-TR)?

A
  • Peristent grief following death of loved one
71
Q

What happens in Prolonged grief disorder?

A
  • Longing for deceased
  • Preoccupation with deceased for 12 months following the loss
72
Q

What is Prolonged Grief Disorder accompanied by?

A
  • Distress
  • Additional emotional/social challenges
73
Q

What is grieving for each person?

A
  • Personal and unique
74
Q

What are some emotions that are experienced in loss?

A
  • Sorrow
  • Anguish
  • Depression
  • Bitterness
  • Anger
  • Rage
  • Regret
  • Self-blame
  • Guilt
  • Loneliness
  • Pessimism
  • Hopelessness
  • Despair
  • Confusion
  • Emptiness
  • Numbness
  • Fatigue
  • Lack of Motivation
  • Low Self-esteem
  • Alienation
  • Loss of meaning
  • Loss of purpose
75
Q

What is the most common experience following a trauma or loss?

A
  • Resilience
76
Q

what are some trajectories based on depressive symptoms following spousal grieving?

A
  • Common Grief
  • Chronic Grief
  • Chronic Depression
  • Depression-improved
  • Resilient
77
Q

What is the predominant risk factor for most diseases and illnesses that significantly compromise health, reduce life expectacny, most leading causes of death?

A
  • Aging
78
Q

What are the most frequently reported health issues for those over the age of 65?

A
  • Arthritis
  • Hypertension
  • Cataracts
  • Back Pain
  • Heart Disease
79
Q

What is the most common cause of death for older Canadians?

A
  • Cancer
80
Q

After the age of 85, what is the most common cause of death?

A
  • heart disease
81
Q

Despite living longer than men, what do women experience more than men?

A
  • Higher rates of disability
  • Poor health
82
Q

What is Frailty?

A
  • Disease that only occurs in old age
83
Q

What is frailty often characterized by?

A
  • Decline in ability to respond and adapt to stress.
  • Loss in physical reserves
  • Greater impact of illness or disease
  • Increased likelihood of fall/serious injury
  • Mobility issues
  • Greater chance of being hospitalized
84
Q

What are the key factors found to prevent physical and cognitive decline?

A
  • Increasing physical activity and exercise
  • Increasing cognitive activity
  • Stress reduction
  • Social activity
  • Healthy diet
85
Q

What was found to improve brain health among older adults with mild cognitive impairments?

A
  • Aerobic training
86
Q

What did a study find about combining exercise and cognitive training?

A
  • Amplify the benefits of both for the brain
87
Q

What kind of stressors are older adults less likely to report?

A
  • Work
  • Finances
  • Family
88
Q

What stressors are older adults more likely to report?

A
  • Illness
89
Q

What are common sources of stress in old age?

A
  • Illness
  • Problems with sexual health/performance
  • Increasing social loss
  • Retirement
90
Q

What appears to decrease with age?

A
  • Perceived control
91
Q

Why do older adults appear to do better than younger ones?

A
  • Cope more effectively with stress
  • Regulate their emotions better
  • Use more complex problem-solving strategies
92
Q

What is well-being in old age largely dependent on?

A
  • Healthy social network
  • Meaningful social connection
93
Q

What can loneliness do in older age?

A
  • Increase
94
Q

Why does loneliness increase in older age?

A
  • Social losses
  • Physical/cognitive decline
95
Q

What is successful aging?

A
  • Positive perspective on aging
96
Q

What does successful aging entail?

A
  • Prosperous achievment of something attempted
  • Attainment of object according to one’s desire
97
Q

How do adults define succesful aging?

A
  • Physical activity
  • Income
  • Health
  • Social Interactions
  • Sense of Purpose
  • Self-Acceptance
  • Personal Growth
  • Autonomy
  • Environmental Mastery
98
Q

How do adults define life satisfaction?

A
  • Phyiscal Activity
  • Income
  • Health
  • Social Interactions
99
Q

What is a precursor to successful aging?

A
  • Social Interaction
100
Q

How does the medical perspective describe successful aging?

A
  • Optimizing life expectancy
  • Minimizing physical / psych. / social morbidity
101
Q

What is compression of morbidity into a shorter, later time period mean?

A
  • Experiencing illness and disease for the shortest period of time possible
102
Q

What does the Biopsychosocial Perspective of Aging Well describe as 3 fundamental factors?

A
  • Avoiding Disease & Disability
  • Active Engagement with Life
  • High Cognitive & Physical Function
103
Q

How does lifespan perspective explain successful aging?

A
  • Maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing negative ones
104
Q

What is selective optimization with compensation?

A
  • Compensating for loss of abilities by engaging in new strategies
  • Optimizing existing abilities through practice and technology
105
Q

How can disengaging from unattainable goals be positive?

A

In old age:
- adaptive
- avoid goal failure

106
Q

What can buffer the difficulties with goal disengagement?

A
  • Goal Reengagement
107
Q

What might be a flexible indicator of success in old age?

A
  • Wisdom
108
Q

What is Wisdom?

A
  • Coordination of knowledge and experience to improve well-being
109
Q

Based on the socio-emotional selectivity theory what is successful aging?

A
  • Redirected focus on what matters most in life
110
Q

What are some predictors of successful aging?

A
  • Physical functioning
  • Social support/social resources
  • Happiness/satisfaction with life
  • Emotional security
  • Financial Status
  • Purpose in life/personal meaning
  • Spirituality/inner peace
  • Participation in religious activities
111
Q

What are telomeres?

A
  • Regions of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of chromosomes
112
Q

What do Telomeres do?

A
  • Protect the end of chromosomes from deterioration/fusion with neighbouring chromosomes
113
Q

What happens to telomeres as cells divide?

A
  • They get shorter
114
Q

What happens indexed by shorter telomeres at the end of chromosomes?

A
  • Accelerated cell aging
115
Q

What do shorter telomeres contribute to?

A
  • Manifestation of aging
  • Limit human lifespan
116
Q

How are stress and aging related?

A
  • Increased stress leads to decrease in telomere length
117
Q

What has been found to mitigate the effects of stress on aging?

A
  • Consistent exercise
118
Q
A

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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