Module 4 - Social Determinants of Health Flashcards
What are the health canada (2020) main determinants of health?
- Income / Social Status
- Employment / working conditions
- Education and literacy
- Childhood experiences
- physical environments
- social support/copings kills
- healthy behaviours
- access to health services
- biology/genetic endowment
- gender
- culture
- race/racism
What are health disparities?
- Inequalities in morbidity and mortality
What can health disparities affect?
- Disease frequency in group
- Illness frequency in group
- Disease mortality in group
What are some examples of health disparities in Canada?
- Shorter life expectancies among those in lower-income areas
- High suicide mortality rates in First Nation, Metis, and Inuit communities
- Lower self-reported mental health / higher mental illness among LGBTQ+ people, indigenous people, and lower-income Canadians.
- Higher rates of asthma, diabetes, obesity among first nations, metis, those living in norther regions.
What are the 3 members of the indigenous definition?
- First Nation
- Inuit
- Metis
What are some health disparities among Canadian Indigenous groups?
Higher
- infant mortality
- obesity
- cancer
- heart disease
- hypertension
- diabetes
- asthma
- depression
- substance abuse
- mental illnesses
Lower
- life expectancies
- self-reported health
What genetic and environmental factors contribute to health disparities of Indigenous people?
Thrifty Gene Effect
- May be predisposed to conserve calories
- Possible glucose intolerance (females)
What Environmental and Lifestyle factors are likely to blame for Indigenous health disparities?
- Less access to healthy foods and health care
- Lower consumption of traditional foods
- Less physical activity due to historical changes to way of life
How many Indigenous people live in poverty?
60%
What are the links between poverty and higher blood glucose levels?
- Fewer healthy dietary options
- Elevated cortisol levels (stress)
What is the rate of suicide among First Nations people compared to the general population?
- 3x higher
What stressors did European colonization involve for Indigenous people?
- New disease
- loss of land
- criminalization/loss of culture
- genocide
- forced assimilation
What is Intergenerational Trauma?
- Trauma passed down to subsequent generations
What mechanisms may be involved in the experience of intergenerational trauma?
- Direct experiences of trauma
- Vicarious Trauma
- Lack of culture & cultural identity
- Marginalization/discrimination
- compromised parental functioning
- modelling of poor coping
- Genetic/biological vulnerabilities
What is epigenetics?
- Study of changes in organisms caused by changes in gene expression due to environmental influences
What is affected for pups by licking behaviour of mother rats in the 1st week? what does this result in?
What
- Cortisol receptor gene promotors
results
- variation in stress responsiveness/reactivity in adulthood
What was altered in male mice exposed to trauma early?
- alteration in gene associated with stress-related hormones/behaviours
What happened when stressed out mice fathered young but did not rear them
- Young mice stressed out
What did a study find of children of holocaust survivors?
- epigenetic changes to gene linked to cortisol
What did m/f res. school attendence show for their adult children?
- increased childhood adversity
What did f res. school attendance only show for adult children?
- Increased Allostatic Load
Is cultural identify a key factor in health?
- YES
What has been shown about indigenous communities that engage in more effort to reclaim culture experience?
- Decrease youth suicide
- Improve education
- fewer children placed in care
How does socioeconomic status in Canada impact health?
- Each ring up the ladder increases health
