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Psyc 314 > Module 2 - Fight or Flight: or Frenzy? > Flashcards

Module 2 - Fight or Flight: or Frenzy? Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress defined as?

A
  • A stimulus or change in the environment
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2
Q

What causes a stimulus or change in the environment?

A
  • Stressors
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of stressors?

A
  • Acute stressors
  • Chronic Stressors
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4
Q

Describe Acute Stressors. Give examples.

A

Limited
- Running late, late, accident

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5
Q

Describe chronic stressors. examples?

A

Prolonged, repeated
- Job strain, poverty, major life events, daily hassles

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6
Q

What is the Major life event scale also known as?

A
  • Social Readjustment Rating Scale
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7
Q

What is assumed to be stressful?

A
  • Change + or -
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8
Q

What are assigned life change unit score? what is it based on?

A

Items
- Severity

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9
Q

What has been shown based on the major life events scale?

A

Correlations with incidence of:
- Heart Attack
- Broken Bones
- Diabetes
- MS
- TB
- Pregnancy complications
- Decline in academic performance

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10
Q

What are some examples of items on the Major life events scale and their unit scores?

A
  • Death of a spouse = 100
  • Jail Term = 63
  • Marriage = 50
  • Death of a Friend = 37
  • Vacation = 13
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11
Q

What causes an increased likelihood of contracting cold virus?

A
  • More stressful life events
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12
Q

What are daily hassles?

A
  • Day-to-day unpleasant or potentially harmful events
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13
Q

How are daily hassles ideally measured?

A
  • As they unfold, using daily process methods
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14
Q

What are hassles and uplifts more strongly associated with than life events?

A
  • Health
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15
Q

What can stress be defined as?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Response
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16
Q

Describe stress as a response

A

Person’s physiological response
- (fight-or-flight; reactivity)
Person’s psychological response
- Thoughts/emotions (nervousness)

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17
Q

Describe what the physiological changes from the fight-or-flight response do (3).

A
  • Mobilization
  • Increased Energy
  • Increased Focus
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18
Q

List the physiological changes that occur from the fight-or-flight response (11)

A

Increased
- breathing
- HR
- BP
- Muscle tension
- Blood Glucose
- Sweating
Pupils Dilate
Digestion slows
Mouth Dry
Bladder Relaxes
Hands/Feet Cold

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19
Q

What does the adrenal gland release?

A
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
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20
Q

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Catecholamines
- Hormones / neurotansmitters

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21
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Regulate:
- HR
- Metabolism
- Respiration
- Oxygen to the brain and muscles

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22
Q

What is the Stress Hormone?

A
  • Cortisol
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23
Q

What does cortisol complement?

A
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
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24
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increase
- BP
- Blood Glucose
- Brain use of glucose
Suppresses
- Nonessential systems
Reduces
- Inflammation
Assists
- Return to homeostasis

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25
Q

What nonessential systems does cortisol suppress?

A
  • Digestive
  • Reproductive
  • Immune
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26
Q

How does cortisol assists the return to homeostasis?

A
  • Cortisol output decreases over time
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27
Q

Why does cortisol output decrease over time?

A
  • Negative Feedback Loop
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28
Q

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Adrenal Gland
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29
Q

Why is cortisol hard to study?

A
  • Influenced by exercise, diet, mood….
  • Individual differences in diurnal cycle and average output
  • Inconsistent results across types of stressors
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30
Q

Describe Stress as a transaction

A
  • Process involving continuous interactions and adjustments between a person and the environment, each affecting and affected by the other.
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31
Q

Explain transactional model of stress’s cognitive appraisal

A
  • How an event or situation is appraised or evaluated by a person that matters
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32
Q

Explain the first step in primary appraisal

A
  • Is it a threat or stressful
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33
Q

What is the second step of primary appraisal if something is appraised as stressful?

A
  • Harm-loss?
  • Threat or challenge?
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34
Q

Explain the first part of secondary appraisal

A
  • Do I have the resources to meet the demands?
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35
Q

What are some examples of answer to the first part of Secondary Appraisal (do I have the resources to meet the demands?)?

A
  • I can’t do it - I know I’ll fail
  • I’ll try, but chances are slim
  • I can do it with some help
  • If this method fails, I can try a few others
  • I can do it if I work hard
  • No problem - I can do it
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36
Q

Stress is a transaction leading a person to perceive _________ between demands of a situation and the __________ of their biological, psychological, or social systems.

A
  • A discrepancy
  • Resources
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36
Q

What are the 2 types of control in secondary appraisal?

A
  • Behavioural Control
  • Cognitive Control
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37
Q

What Factors Affect Appraisal?

A
  • Personal Factor
  • Situational Factor
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38
Q

What are some examples of personal factors that affect appraisal?

A
  • Personality
  • Self-esteem
  • Motivation
  • Perfectionism
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39
Q

What are some examples of situational factors that affect appraisal?

A
  • Degree of demand
  • Imminence
  • Timing
  • Ambiguity
  • Desirability
  • Controllability
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40
Q

Explain how desirability of a situation can affect appraisal

A
  • Some situations are undesirable to most people
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41
Q

Explain how controllability of a situation can affect appraisal

A
  • Some situations are outside of behavioural or cognitive influences
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42
Q

What two ways can chronic stress contribute to illness?

A
  • Directly
  • Indirectly
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43
Q

How can chronic stress directly influence illness?

A
  • via physiological effect on various bodily systems
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44
Q

How can chronic stress indirectly contribute to illness?

A

Via Health Behaviours
- Substance use, unhealthy eating, lack of exercise, poor sleep

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45
Q

Explain the General Adaptation Syndrome to stress

A
  • Alarm
  • Resistance
  • Exhaustion
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46
Q

Explain the alarm stage of the stress response

A

Physiological mobilization for action
- Fight or flight response

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47
Q

Explain the resistance stage of the stress response

A
  • Body tries to adapt to stimulus
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48
Q

Explain the exhaustion stage of the stress response

A
  • Breakdown of organs
  • Disease
  • Death
  • Burnout
49
Q

What happens over-time as the HPA axis becomes dysregulated?

A
  • Cortisol
50
Q

What happens when cortisol stops working over-time due to HPA axis dysregulation?

A
  • Immune system impaired
  • Inflammation
  • Elevated blood glucose
  • Maturation of fat cells
  • Increased visceral fat
  • Hippocampal atrophy (shrinking)
51
Q

What does persistent surges of epinephrine especially have health risk for?

A
  • Cardiovascular health
  • Blood pressure
  • Anxiety
52
Q

What health risks does persistent epinephrine release pose?

A
  • Pain
  • weight Gain
  • Fatigue
  • Memory Impairment
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Sleep Problems
  • Aging
53
Q

What are the higher risks of persistent epinephrine release?

A
  • Heart Disease
  • Stroke
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
54
Q

What is associated with impaired immune functioning?

A
  • Stress
55
Q

What ways does the release of catecholamines and corticosteroids alter functioning of the immune system?

A
  • Activate non-specific immunity
  • Suppress specific immunity
56
Q

What does chronic stress do to the immune system?

A
  • Suppresses both nonspecific and specific function
57
Q

What percentage of cancer cases are preventable according to WHO?

A
  • 30-50%
58
Q

What can random errors in DNA replication cause?

A
  • Cancer
59
Q

How does stress contribute to cancer growth?

A

Chronic stress weakens immune system via cortisol
- accelerates cancer or tumour growth

60
Q

How might a response to stress contribute to cancer?

A
  • Health-compromising behaviours
61
Q

What were the findings on the animal studies on cancer growth and chronic stress?

A
  • More tumour nodules in mice in stress group
62
Q

What type of stress is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Chronic Stress
  • Perceived Stress
63
Q

What is greater cardiovascular reactivity and poorer recovery associated with?

A
  • Heightened blood pressure
  • Diagnosed Hypertension
  • Atherosclerosis
64
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • Plaque build up in arteries
65
Q

What does atherosclerosis do?

A
  • Restricts blood flow
66
Q

How does stress lead to atherosclerosis?

A

Cortisol increases:
- cholesterol
- inflammatory substance circulating in blood

67
Q

Explain psychophysiological disorders

A
  • physical symptoms or illnesses that result form the interplay of psychosocial and physiological processes
68
Q

What was psychophysiological disorders previously referred to as?

A
  • psychosomatic disorders
69
Q

What can psychophysiological disorders be aggravated or caused by?

A
  • Stress
70
Q

What are some examples of psychophysiological disorders?

A
  • Digestive system disease (ulcers)
  • Asthma
  • Recurrent headaches (migraines)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
71
Q

What is an allostatic load?

A
  • Accumulating effects that result from the body adapting repeatedly to stressors over time
72
Q

What are some examples of accumulating effects of recurrent stress?

A
  • Fluctuations in levels of homrones like epinephrine and cortisol
  • Blood Pressure
  • Immune function
73
Q

What does allostatic load do to the body?

A
  • Impairs ability to adapt to future stressors
74
Q

Can daily hassles cause serious health problems?

A
  • YES
75
Q

What is emotional trauma?

A
  • emotional response to a distressing event (e.g., accident, assault)
76
Q

Explain acute stress disorder according to the DSM-5-TR

A
  • Severe Anxiety
  • Dissociation
  • Symptoms within 1 month after exposure to extreme traumatic stressor
77
Q

What are some traumatic stressors that can lead to acute stressor disorder?

A
  • Witnessing a death
  • Serious accident
78
Q

Explain PTSD based on the DSM-5-TR

A
  • Severe anxiety disorder resulting from exposure to a traumatic event/experience
  • Symptoms lasting more than 1 month
79
Q

Stressor Criteria for PTSD based on DSM-5-TR

A
  • Direct exposure
  • Witnessing, in person
  • Indirectly, by learning
  • Repeated or extreme indirect exposure to aversive details of event
79
Q

Intrusion criteria for PTSD base on DSM-5-TR

A
  • Recurrent, involuntary, intrusive memories
  • Traumatic nightmares
  • Flashbacks
  • Intense distress to traumatic reminders
80
Q

Avoidance criteria of PTSD based on DSM-5-TR

A

Avoidance of:
- trauma-related thoughts/feelings
- Trauma-related external reminders
- ex. people, places, activities, objects

80
Q

Negative Alterations in Cognition/Mood Criteria of PTSD in DSM-5-TR

A
  • Persistent negative thoughts, emotions (fear, horror, guilt)
  • Lack of positive
  • Distored blame of self/others
  • Diminished interest in activities
  • Alienation
81
Q

Alterations in Arousal Criteria of PTSD based on DSM-5-TR

A
  • Irritable or aggressive behaviour
  • Reckless behaviour
  • hypervigilance
  • Exaggerated startle response
  • Sleep disturbances, etc.
82
Q

Length criteria of PTSD base on DSM-5-TR

A
  • > 1 month
83
Q

Describe the cortisol output in PTSD seen in research

A
  • blunted cortisol output
84
Q

Explain Posttraumatic Growth (PTG)

A
  • Positive psychological changes following a highly challenging event or experience
85
Q

What are some examples of posttraumatic growth?

A
  • Appreciation for life
  • Renewed commitment to goals, new goals
  • Greater sense of personal strength
  • Greater intimacy in relationships
  • Warmer, more loving personality
  • Higher life satisfaciton
86
Q

How many people experience PTG after trauma?

A
  • Nearly 50%
87
Q

What may contribute to an individual experiencing PTSD or PTG?

A
  • Family history / prior trauma
  • Personality
  • Maladaptive coping response
  • Social support
  • Social determinants of health
88
Q

What happens when fight or flight does not seem enough and the fear is intense?

A
  • Parasympathetic brake on motor system
89
Q

What does research suggest about adverse responses to stress?

A
  • Functional or adaptive response
90
Q

How is depression an adaptive response to adversity?

A
  • Prevent future adversity by shifting attention
91
Q

How is anxiety an adaptive response to adversity?

A
  • Response to threat, increased awareness
92
Q

How is PTSD an adaptive response to adversity?

A
  • Avoid trauma
  • Hypervigilance
93
Q

What does PTSD require?

A
  • An event
94
Q

What does not have high heritability?

A
  • PTSD
95
Q

What are some sources of stress in an individual?

A
  • Illness and disease
  • Conflicting motivations (approach, avoidance)
  • Frustrated goals
96
Q

What are some sources of stress within one’s family / social network?

A
  • New addition to family
  • Relationship strain, separation, divorce
  • Family illness, disability, death
97
Q

What are some sources of stress withing the community or society?

A
  • Occupational stress
  • Environmental stress
98
Q

What are some stressors related with the occupation of police officer?

A
  • Routine stressors associated with PTSD symptomology and problem behaviours
99
Q

What are some stressors associated with Nurse/ER Doctor occupation?

A
  • Lower self-reported health and well-being
  • High burnout
  • Higher PTSD symptomology
100
Q

What are some stressors assosiated with Truck driver occupations?

A
  • Unhealthy lifestyle
  • Being away from home
  • Long hours lead to greater work strain
101
Q

What 3 factors proposed to predict stress and wellbeing on the job?

A
  • Perceive demand
  • Perceived control
  • Perceived social support
102
Q

What is stress spillover?

A

Occurs within the individual
- stress experienced at work can be brought home, or stress experienced at home brought to work

103
Q

What is Stress crossover?

A

Occurs between people
- Stress experienced at work can be brought home and transmitted to the spouse, children

104
Q

What are the two types of stress contagion?

A
  • Stress Spillover
  • Stress Crossover
105
Q

Explain environmental stressors

A

Aversive/Uncontrollable Environmental stimuli
- often unpredictable, vary

106
Q

What do environmental stressors usually require?

A
  • Low to moderate adjustments
107
Q

What are some common examples of environmental stressors?

A
  • Noise
  • Crowding
  • Air pollution
108
Q

What is an uncommon environmental stressor?

A
  • Natural disaster
  • Human-caused disasters
109
Q

What is eustress?

A
  • Beneficial or constructive stress
110
Q

Explain Flow

A
  • Optimal state of complete absorption in work, play or creativity
  • Arises spontaneously
111
Q

What is flow associated with?

A
  • Intense concentration
  • Loss of self-awareness
  • Loss of time awareness
  • Loss of environmental awareness
  • Feeling perfectly challenged
112
Q

What is Flow an indicator of?

A
  • Mental Health
  • Optimal Functioning
113
Q

Explain Flow as Optimal Arousal

A
  • A match between demands of a situation and the skills or abilities of the individual
114
Q

How does belief effect stress and health?

A
  • Those who believe stress is harmful to their health have more of an effect
115
Q

What does stress function to do?

A
  • Prepare to respond to threat/meet demand
116
Q

How can you rethink or appraise your stress response?

A
  • similar to excitement
117
Q

What are the benefits of acute or moderate stress?

A
  • Stimulate cell growth in brain learning center
  • Stimulate immune activity
  • Improve accuracy in cognitive tasks
  • Reinforce good/bad habits

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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