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Psyc 314 > Module 5 - Understanding Behaviour > Flashcards

Module 5 - Understanding Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What are healthy behaviours?

A
  • activities that people perform to maintain or improve health
  • even if it actually improves health or not
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2
Q

How can health status affect the type of health behaviour people choose to perform?

A
  • Well Behaviour
  • Symptom-Based Behaviour
  • Sick-Role Behaviour
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3
Q

Explain Well Behaviour

A
  • Activities people take to maintain health and avoid illness
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4
Q

What are some examples of well behaviour?

A
  • eat healthy
  • exercise
  • get vaccine
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5
Q

Explain Symptom-based behaviour

A
  • activity ill people take to determine problem and find remedy
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6
Q

Examples of symptom-based behaviour

A
  • complaining about symptoms
  • Seeking advice
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7
Q

Explain sick-role behaviour

A
  • activity people undertake to treat or adjust health problem
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8
Q

Examples of sick-role behaviour

A
  • adhere to medical advice
  • stay home form school/work
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9
Q

What are some health compromising behaviours?

A
  • inactivity
  • poor diet/nutrition
  • cigarette smoking
  • alcohol
  • Unprotected sex
  • excessive sun exposure
  • poor sleep habits
  • infrequent handwashing
  • poor oral hygiene
  • not seeking med. care
  • poor road safety
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10
Q

What is associated with a high carb, low fat, diet?

A
  • Increase mortality
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11
Q

What was associated with increased fruit, veg, and legume consumption?

A
  • Decreased mortality
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12
Q

What were the 10 factors most closely associated with death?

A
  1. Current Smoker
  2. History of Divorse
  3. History of Alcohol Abuse
  4. Recent Financial Difficulties
  5. History unemployment
  6. previous smoking history
  7. lower life satisfaction
  8. never married
  9. history food stamps
  10. negative affectivity
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13
Q

What does primary prevention involve?

A
  • actions taken to avoid disease or injury
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14
Q

What does secondary prevention involve?

A
  • actions taken to identify and treat an illness or injury early with aim of stopping or reversing problem
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15
Q

Examples of secondary prevention

A
  • medical exam
  • cancer screening
  • symptom-bsed behaviour of seeking care for pain
  • Treating flu/pneumonia
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16
Q

What does tertiary prevention involve?

A
  • Actions to contain or slow damage of injury/disease, prevent disability or recurrence, and rehabilitate the patient
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17
Q

example of tertiary prevention

A
  • physical therapy for arthritis
  • medication for pain control
  • comfort for terminally ill
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18
Q

What problems can occur for promoting wellness?

A
  • Individual
  • Interpersonal
  • Community
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19
Q

Explain individual factors that are problems for promoting wellness.

A
  • Attitudes
  • Perception
  • Habits
  • Low resource
  • Low self-efficacy
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20
Q

What interpersonal factors can be a problem for promoting wellness?

A
  • Lack social support
  • conflict of behaviours in family systems
  • Disruption to behaviours
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21
Q

What community factors can be problems for promoting wellness?

A
  • Lack public health funding
  • lack safe/clean space
  • economic resources
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22
Q

What types of learning contribute to health behaviours?

A
  • Operant conditioning
  • Reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Punishment
  • Modeling
  • Classical Conditioning
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23
Q

Explain operant conditioning

A
  • behaviour changes due to consequences
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24
Q

Explain Reinforcement learning

A
  • do something that brings pleasant consequence, tendency to repeat behaviour is increased
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25
Q

Explain extinction learning

A
  • consequences maintain a behaviour are eliminated, response tendency weakens
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26
Q

Explain Punishment learning

A
  • do something that brings unwanted consequence, behaviour tends to be suppressed
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27
Q

Explain Modelling Learning

A
  • Occurs through observing others (parents)
28
Q

Explain Classical Conditioning

A
  • Stimulus elicit response through association with unconditional stimulus
  • Serve as cue/trigger for behaviour
  • Behaviour becomes habitual
29
Q

What is conscientiousness associated with?

A
  • increased healthy behaviours
  • Decreased problematic behaviours
30
Q

What are the 2 assessments that people make that determine the likelihood a person will perform health behaviour?

A
  • Threat associated with a health problem
  • Pros/cons of taking action
31
Q

Explain the Health Belief Model

A
  • Perceive Threat
  • Perceived Benefit and Barriers
32
Q

Explain Perceived Threat

A

Belief in health threat
- Perceived seriousness
- Perceived vulnerability
- Cues to action/remindersE

33
Q

Explain Perceived benefits and barriers of the health belief model

A

Perceived Pros and Cons
- Belief benefit outweighs costs

34
Q

What do both an individuals perception of health threat and perceived benefits and barriers contribute to?

A
  • Likelihood of performing the health behaviour
35
Q

Explain cognitive adaption theory

A
  • Those who do not fully accept their physiological risk may have better mental health
36
Q

Explain the theory of planned behaviour

A
  • Health behaviour direct result of behavioural intentions
37
Q

What are the 3 key factors that influence health behaviour intentions?

A
  • Attitude Regarding the Behaviour
  • Subjective Norm
  • Perceived Behavioural Control
38
Q

Explain the Attitude Regarding the Behaviour

A
  • Judgment of whether the behaviour is good or bad
39
Q

Explain Subjective Norm

A
  • Appropriateness or acceptability of behaviour
  • based on beliefs about others’ opinions, social norms
40
Q

Explain Perceived Behavioural Control

A
  • Expectation of Success
  • Similar to self-efficacy
41
Q

Explain Self-efficacy

A
  • Belief that one can execute a course of action, achieve a goal
  • correlated with performance/success
42
Q

How can celebrity influence subjective norms?

A
  • Sheen: increase STD/HIV testing
  • Trump: Increase poisoning
43
Q

Explain the Stages of Change Model (transtheoretical model)

A
  • recognizes that it may not be possible to change all at once
44
Q

What are the stages of change in the stages of change model?

A
  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
45
Q

Explain Precontemplation of stages of change model

A
  • not considering changing, no intention
46
Q

Explain contemplation of stages of change model

A
  • aware of need to change, contemplating change
47
Q

Explain preparation of stages of change model

A
  • Ready to change, plan to implement change soon
48
Q

Explain action of stage of change model

A
  • start succesfully making changes to behaviour
49
Q

Explain maintenance of stage of change model

A
  • work to maintain new behaviour, avoid relapse
50
Q

How can you help people advance through the stages of change model

A
  • describe how to change behaviour
  • match strategy to person’s current needs
  • Plan for problems that may arise when implementing change
51
Q

Explain Motivated Reasoning

A
  • emotionally-biased reasoning intended to produce justifications or make decisions that are most desired rather than those that reflect the evidence
52
Q

Explain Conflict Theory

A
  • Starts with a challenge to one’s lifestyle
  • creates conflict
  • action depends on evaluation of risk, hope, adequate time
  • may act irrationally
53
Q

Explain hypervigilance

A
  • risk high
  • hope low
  • adequate time low
54
Q

What was found to be most effective levers for behavioural change in handwashing campaigns in India?

A

Emotional Drivers
- Disgust
- Nurture
- Status
- Affiliation

55
Q

What was found to be most effective for increasing handwashing in Hospitals?

A
  • Patient-focused sign: Empathy
56
Q

What has empathy and perspective taking shown to do?

A

Reduce
- Prejudice
- Stereotype Expression
- Interpersonal Aggression

57
Q

Explain Herd Immunity

A
  • More people immunized, more chain infections disrupted, protect larger pop.
58
Q

What was found to be in close association with low compliance during COVID 19 in Brazil?

A
  • Callousness
  • Deceitfulness
  • Risk-taking
59
Q

Explain antisocial

A
  • Socially disruptive, violating the rights of others
60
Q

Why were men more likely to not wear a mask where it wasn’t mandatory?

A
  • Shameful
  • Not cool
  • Sign of weakness
  • Stigma
61
Q

What are the 10 Biggest Threats to Global Health?

A
  • Air pollution and climate change
  • Noncommunicable diseases
  • Global influenza pandemic
  • Fragile and vulnerable settings
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
  • Weak primary healthcare
  • Vaccine hesitancy
  • Dengue Fever
  • HIV
62
Q

Explain the Dunning-Kruger Effect

A

Cognitive Bias
- People with limited knowledge or competence in given intellect/social domain greatly overestimate own knowledge
- You don’t know what you don’t know

63
Q

What is overconfidence associated with?

A
  • Anti-vaccine attitudes
  • Highest among those with low levels of knowledge
64
Q

What works best to change attitudes about vaccines?

A
  • Information on disease threat
65
Q

Explain the Backfire Effect

A
  • People that encounter evidence that challenge their belief with reject evidence and strengthen support of original stance
66
Q
A

Psyc 314 (10 decks)

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