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A&P > Module 8 Blood Systems > Flashcards

Module 8 Blood Systems Flashcards

1
Q

albumins

A

transport proteins dissolved in plasma; ex. plasma protein that binds to thyroid hormone to extend its half-life

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2
Q

globulins

A

plasma proteins; ex. antibodies produced by WBCs to fight foreign pathogens

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3
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting protein dissolved in plasma

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4
Q

serum

A

plasma with fibrinogen and clotting factors removed

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5
Q

formed elements of blood

A

RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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6
Q

types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

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7
Q

types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

basophil

A

0-2% of all WBCs; has S- or U- shaped nucleus; releases histamine and heparin for defense

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10
Q

histamine

A

released by basophils to dilate vessels bringing more blood to an area to increase leukocytes to move into injured tissues more quickly

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11
Q

heparin

A

released by basophils; anticoagulant allowing other leukocytes to move more freely

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12
Q

monocytes

A

4-8% total WBCs; largest WBC; migrate to tissues where they become macrophages and eat dead and dying tissue, microorganisms and any other foreign matter/debris

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13
Q

thrombocytes

A

aka platelets; cell fragments; secrete vasoconstrictors to slow the flow of blood, secrete clotting factors, form platelet plugs, secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation, destroy bacteria, and secrete growth factors to stimulate repairing of vessel walls

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14
Q

hemopoiesis

A

blood production; continual process designed to meet the demand of replacing circulating cell that have worn out or been lost through bleeding; occurs by hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow

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15
Q

pluripotent

A

(describing hemocytoblasts); means it can become any one of seven different types of formed elements

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16
Q

myeloid hemopoiesis

A

production of all the formed elements in the red bone marrow

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17
Q

lymphoid hemopoiesis

A

sites of formed elements outside of bone marrow

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18
Q

thrombopoiesis

A

liver and kidneys product thrombopoietin which causes hemocytoblast to grow into a megakaryocyte which eventually breaks apart into many platelets

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19
Q

leukopoiesis

A

lymphocytes and macrophages in tissues produce colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). the CSFs travel to red bone marrow and produces a specific type of leukocyte; once produced granulocytes and monocytes are stored in red bone marrow until needed

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20
Q

erythropoiesis

A

kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO) when body is hypoxemic; EPO travels to red bone marrow where it is made into RBCs

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21
Q

Causes of hypoxemia

A

high altitudes, lung disorders, exercise, exposure to CO, and blood loss

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22
Q

hemoglobin

A

red, complex protein made of 4 chains of amino acids called globins; each chain contains a heme group with iron at its center so that if can bind to one O2 molecule

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23
Q

nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis

A

iron, folic acid, B12, copper, and vitamin C

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24
Q

hemostasis

A

“stopping of bleeding”; 3-step process: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

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25
Q

coagulation

A

fibrinogen dissolves and reforms as a solid fiber called fibrin; fibrin then acts as a net to trap blood cells and platelets to form a solid clot

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26
Q

two pathways of blood clotting

A

extrinsic: begun by damaged tissues, faster
intrinsic: stared by platelets, slower

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27
Q

clot retraction

A

once clot is formed, platelets shrink to draw the edges of the broken vessel together and then secrete growth factors to encourage cells to undergo mitosis to repair the break

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28
Q

fibrinolysis

A

plasminogen changes to plasmin which dissolves blood clots

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29
Q

thrombus

A

stationary, unwanted clot

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30
Q

embolus

A

moving unnecessary clot

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31
Q

control mechanisms to prevent unwanted clotting:

A
  1. platelet repulsion- vessel walls are smooth to prevent platelets sticking
  2. dilution- thrombin is always present in circulation, but diluted so it doesn’t accumulate enough to change fibrinogen to fibrin
  3. anticoagulants- ex. liver produces antithrombin which deactivates circulating
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32
Q

antigen

A

molecules that may or may not be on the surface of blood cells; have unique shapes; determines blood type; two basic groups: ABO and Rh

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33
Q

antibodies

A

dissolved proteins in plasma; ex. Anti-A antibodies react to A antigens

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34
Q

functions of blood

A
  1. transportation- nutrients, wastes, oxygen, CO2, temperature, hormones
  2. protection- white blood cells fighting foreign pathogens
  3. regulation-buffer pH, fluid balance in tissues, homeostasis
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35
Q

acute myeloid leukemia

A

AML; this cancer causes abnormal granulocytes to proliferate in the bone marrow; prevent WBCs from growing; symptoms: abnormal bleeding, bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, skin rash, and weight loss

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36
Q

chronic myeloid leukemia

A

CML; rapid grown of immature granulocytes in bone marrow; 3 phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis

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37
Q

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

ALL; most common type of leukemia in children; symptoms: bone and joint pain, abnormal bruising and bleeding, fatigue, fever, weight loss, petechiae, swollen glands, night sweats

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38
Q

chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

A

age 70+; affects b lymphocytes, causing cancerous cells to spread

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39
Q

polycythemia

A

condition of too many cells in the blood; two forms of this disorder: primary polycythemia & secondary polycythemia

40
Q

anemia

A

disorder that results from insufficient RBCs or hemoblobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis; 3 categories: inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin production, excessive bleeding (hemorrhagic anemia), and red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia)

41
Q

clotting disorders

A
  1. hemophilia- inherited disorder caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors
  2. thrombocytopenia- low platelet count, one sign is excessive bruising after minor trauma
  3. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)- widespread coagulation of blood in unbroken vessels caused by abnormally active blood clotting proteins
42
Q

leaflet

A

thin, flat structure like the heart valves

43
Q

lumon

A

tubular space within the artery or vein

44
Q

incompetent

A

a collapsed or blocked vessel that can no longer function normally

45
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

46
Q

occlusion

A

state of being closed

47
Q

patent

A

open, accessible

48
Q

malaise

A

generalized weakness, fatigue

49
Q

embolus

A

thrombus that has traveled through the vascular system

50
Q

GSW

A

gun shot wound

51
Q

pledget

A

small cotton compress used to absorb fluid, apply medication or to exclude air

52
Q

midCAB

A

minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (ICD-10 Root Operation- Bypass)

53
Q

hypokalemia

A

AKA hypopotassemia; low potassium in the blood

54
Q

comatose

A

in a coma state of unconsciousness where you cannot be aroused or awakened

55
Q

angina

A

AKA angina pectoris; intense chest pain caused by inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle

56
Q

pericardial tamponade

A

acute build-up of fluid in the pericardium of the heart; life threatening condition; treatment includes thoracentesis

57
Q

endarterectomy

A

opening of the artery and removing palque and other occluded materials to restore blood flow (ICD-10 Root Operation- extirpation)

58
Q

ischemia

A

oxygen deficiency- temporary deficiency of blood supple due to and obstruction

59
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves; patients must be given ABT as a prophylactic (preventative) treatment against a bacterial infection before any invasive procedure such as a root canal

60
Q

infarction

A

necrosis due to lack of blood supply

61
Q

bruit

A

aka murmur; abnormal sound produced by blood passin gthrough a narrowed artery; soft, blowing sound heard on ausculatation

62
Q

insufficiency

A

improper closer of a blood vessel

63
Q

palpitation

A

subjective feeling like your heart is not beating normally

64
Q

perfusion

A

circulation of the blood

65
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

a weakening of the hear or disease that reduces the normal cardiac function

66
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria traveling in the bloodstream

67
Q

prophylactic treatment

A

antibiotic therapy (ABT) to protect against infections prior to invasive procedures

68
Q

abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

AAA; an enlargement or ballooning of the aortic artery that runs from the heart down the midline of the torso; “the silent killer”

69
Q

anastamosis

A

rejoining of a tubular body part to restore flow through them

70
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

CAD; refers to any disease that interferes with the ability of the arteries to deliver sufficient blood to the myocardium

71
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

PTCA; minimally invasive procedure where a deflated balloon is inserted into the diseased blood vessel and then inflated to open the artery

72
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

more invasive that PTCA; bypass blocked portion of the coronary artery from another piece of blood vessel from the leg or an artery in the chest (single, double, triple, quadruple)

73
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

physical hardening of the arterial walls causing them to become thick and brittle

74
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardened plaque within the arterial walls; removed by a root operation called extirpation

75
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

aka hyperlipidemia; elevated lipids in bloodstream causing elevated cholesterol level; treated with statins

76
Q

myxoma

A

benign tumor that is cancer in the heart

77
Q

beta-blockers

A

prescribed for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias; ex. Toprol-XL

78
Q

Diuretics

A

used to reduce fluid build-up in the body; sometimes used for hypertension

79
Q

statins

A

used to treat hypercholesterolemia to reduce cholesterol in bloodstream as well as amount produced by the liver

80
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

A

ACE inhibitors; used to lower blood pressure; ex. Capoten and Vasotec

81
Q

antiarrythmics

A

used to correct cardia arrhythmias; ex. Propranolol

82
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

prescribed to treat angina pectoris, HTN, HF; ex. Verapamil, Diltiazem (Cardizem)

83
Q

Nitrates

A

used to dilate blood vessels to increase oxygen delivery; ex. Nitroglycerin

84
Q

Peripheral Vasodilators

A

used to treat peripheral vascular disease (PVD); ex. Cyclan

85
Q

leukemia

A

blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of WBCs; the WBCs crowd out the RBCs and platelets that the body needs to be healthy

86
Q

leukemia causes and risks

A

smokers, exposded to a lot of radiation or certain chemicals, had radiation therapy or chemotherapy to treat cancer, family history of leukemia, genetic disorder like down syndrome

87
Q

leukemia: acute vs chronic

A

acute: most of the abnormal blood cells don’t mature and don’t carry out normal functions; progresses fast
chronic: there are some immature cells, but other are normal and can work the way they should; progresses slower

88
Q

leukemia: lymphocytic vs myelogenous

A

lymphocytic (lymphoblastic)- involves bone marrow cells that become lymphocytes

myelogenous (myeloid)- involves marrow cells that create RBCs, platelets, and other kinds of WBCs

89
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia

A

ALL; most common form of leukemia in children; can spread to lymph nodes and CNS

90
Q

acute myelogenous leukemia

A

AML; second most common form of childhood leukemia and one of the most common in adults

91
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A

CLL; other most common form in adults; could be stable for years and not need treatment or sometimes body can’t create normal blood cells and requires treatment

92
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

CML; may not have noticeable symptoms; 65+ in age increases risk

93
Q

leukemia diagnosis

A

need to check in bone marrow or blood; including: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, spinal tap, imaging tests

94
Q

leukemia treatments

A

chemotherapy, radiation, biologic therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplant, surgery

95
Q

excision

A

procedure that cuts off or cuts out a portion of a body party without replacing the part removed; ex. removal of one lymph node for look for malignant cells

96
Q

resection

A

procedure that cots out all of a body part with out replacement; ex. lumpectomy results with malignant cells so they remove entire lymph node chain

97
Q

extraction

A

procedure that pulls off or out without replacement some or all of a body part; ex. bone marrow aspiration to see if cancer has metastasized to bone marrow

A&P (10 decks)

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