Module 8 Blood Systems Flashcards
albumins
transport proteins dissolved in plasma; ex. plasma protein that binds to thyroid hormone to extend its half-life
globulins
plasma proteins; ex. antibodies produced by WBCs to fight foreign pathogens
fibrinogen
clotting protein dissolved in plasma
serum
plasma with fibrinogen and clotting factors removed
formed elements of blood
RBCs, WBCs and platelets
types of leukocytes
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes
types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
types of agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
basophil
0-2% of all WBCs; has S- or U- shaped nucleus; releases histamine and heparin for defense
histamine
released by basophils to dilate vessels bringing more blood to an area to increase leukocytes to move into injured tissues more quickly
heparin
released by basophils; anticoagulant allowing other leukocytes to move more freely
monocytes
4-8% total WBCs; largest WBC; migrate to tissues where they become macrophages and eat dead and dying tissue, microorganisms and any other foreign matter/debris
thrombocytes
aka platelets; cell fragments; secrete vasoconstrictors to slow the flow of blood, secrete clotting factors, form platelet plugs, secrete chemicals to attract neutrophils and monocytes to inflammation, destroy bacteria, and secrete growth factors to stimulate repairing of vessel walls
hemopoiesis
blood production; continual process designed to meet the demand of replacing circulating cell that have worn out or been lost through bleeding; occurs by hemocytoblasts in red bone marrow
pluripotent
(describing hemocytoblasts); means it can become any one of seven different types of formed elements
myeloid hemopoiesis
production of all the formed elements in the red bone marrow
lymphoid hemopoiesis
sites of formed elements outside of bone marrow
thrombopoiesis
liver and kidneys product thrombopoietin which causes hemocytoblast to grow into a megakaryocyte which eventually breaks apart into many platelets
leukopoiesis
lymphocytes and macrophages in tissues produce colony-stimulating factors (CSFs). the CSFs travel to red bone marrow and produces a specific type of leukocyte; once produced granulocytes and monocytes are stored in red bone marrow until needed
erythropoiesis
kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO) when body is hypoxemic; EPO travels to red bone marrow where it is made into RBCs
Causes of hypoxemia
high altitudes, lung disorders, exercise, exposure to CO, and blood loss
hemoglobin
red, complex protein made of 4 chains of amino acids called globins; each chain contains a heme group with iron at its center so that if can bind to one O2 molecule
nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis
iron, folic acid, B12, copper, and vitamin C
hemostasis
“stopping of bleeding”; 3-step process: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
coagulation
fibrinogen dissolves and reforms as a solid fiber called fibrin; fibrin then acts as a net to trap blood cells and platelets to form a solid clot
two pathways of blood clotting
extrinsic: begun by damaged tissues, faster
intrinsic: stared by platelets, slower
clot retraction
once clot is formed, platelets shrink to draw the edges of the broken vessel together and then secrete growth factors to encourage cells to undergo mitosis to repair the break
fibrinolysis
plasminogen changes to plasmin which dissolves blood clots
thrombus
stationary, unwanted clot
embolus
moving unnecessary clot
control mechanisms to prevent unwanted clotting:
- platelet repulsion- vessel walls are smooth to prevent platelets sticking
- dilution- thrombin is always present in circulation, but diluted so it doesn’t accumulate enough to change fibrinogen to fibrin
- anticoagulants- ex. liver produces antithrombin which deactivates circulating
antigen
molecules that may or may not be on the surface of blood cells; have unique shapes; determines blood type; two basic groups: ABO and Rh
antibodies
dissolved proteins in plasma; ex. Anti-A antibodies react to A antigens
functions of blood
- transportation- nutrients, wastes, oxygen, CO2, temperature, hormones
- protection- white blood cells fighting foreign pathogens
- regulation-buffer pH, fluid balance in tissues, homeostasis
acute myeloid leukemia
AML; this cancer causes abnormal granulocytes to proliferate in the bone marrow; prevent WBCs from growing; symptoms: abnormal bleeding, bruising, bone pain, fatigue, fever, skin rash, and weight loss
chronic myeloid leukemia
CML; rapid grown of immature granulocytes in bone marrow; 3 phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
ALL; most common type of leukemia in children; symptoms: bone and joint pain, abnormal bruising and bleeding, fatigue, fever, weight loss, petechiae, swollen glands, night sweats
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
age 70+; affects b lymphocytes, causing cancerous cells to spread
polycythemia
condition of too many cells in the blood; two forms of this disorder: primary polycythemia & secondary polycythemia
anemia
disorder that results from insufficient RBCs or hemoblobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis; 3 categories: inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin production, excessive bleeding (hemorrhagic anemia), and red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia)
clotting disorders
- hemophilia- inherited disorder caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors
- thrombocytopenia- low platelet count, one sign is excessive bruising after minor trauma
- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)- widespread coagulation of blood in unbroken vessels caused by abnormally active blood clotting proteins
leaflet
thin, flat structure like the heart valves
lumon
tubular space within the artery or vein
incompetent
a collapsed or blocked vessel that can no longer function normally
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
occlusion
state of being closed
patent
open, accessible
malaise
generalized weakness, fatigue
embolus
thrombus that has traveled through the vascular system
GSW
gun shot wound
pledget
small cotton compress used to absorb fluid, apply medication or to exclude air
midCAB
minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (ICD-10 Root Operation- Bypass)
hypokalemia
AKA hypopotassemia; low potassium in the blood
comatose
in a coma state of unconsciousness where you cannot be aroused or awakened
angina
AKA angina pectoris; intense chest pain caused by inadequate blood supply and oxygen to the heart muscle
pericardial tamponade
acute build-up of fluid in the pericardium of the heart; life threatening condition; treatment includes thoracentesis
endarterectomy
opening of the artery and removing palque and other occluded materials to restore blood flow (ICD-10 Root Operation- extirpation)
ischemia
oxygen deficiency- temporary deficiency of blood supple due to and obstruction
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and valves; patients must be given ABT as a prophylactic (preventative) treatment against a bacterial infection before any invasive procedure such as a root canal
infarction
necrosis due to lack of blood supply
bruit
aka murmur; abnormal sound produced by blood passin gthrough a narrowed artery; soft, blowing sound heard on ausculatation
insufficiency
improper closer of a blood vessel
palpitation
subjective feeling like your heart is not beating normally
perfusion
circulation of the blood
cardiomyopathy
a weakening of the hear or disease that reduces the normal cardiac function
bacteremia
bacteria traveling in the bloodstream
prophylactic treatment
antibiotic therapy (ABT) to protect against infections prior to invasive procedures
abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAA; an enlargement or ballooning of the aortic artery that runs from the heart down the midline of the torso; “the silent killer”
anastamosis
rejoining of a tubular body part to restore flow through them
Coronary artery disease
CAD; refers to any disease that interferes with the ability of the arteries to deliver sufficient blood to the myocardium
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PTCA; minimally invasive procedure where a deflated balloon is inserted into the diseased blood vessel and then inflated to open the artery
coronary artery bypass graft
more invasive that PTCA; bypass blocked portion of the coronary artery from another piece of blood vessel from the leg or an artery in the chest (single, double, triple, quadruple)
arteriosclerosis
physical hardening of the arterial walls causing them to become thick and brittle
atherosclerosis
hardened plaque within the arterial walls; removed by a root operation called extirpation
hypercholesterolemia
aka hyperlipidemia; elevated lipids in bloodstream causing elevated cholesterol level; treated with statins
myxoma
benign tumor that is cancer in the heart
beta-blockers
prescribed for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias; ex. Toprol-XL
Diuretics
used to reduce fluid build-up in the body; sometimes used for hypertension
statins
used to treat hypercholesterolemia to reduce cholesterol in bloodstream as well as amount produced by the liver
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
ACE inhibitors; used to lower blood pressure; ex. Capoten and Vasotec
antiarrythmics
used to correct cardia arrhythmias; ex. Propranolol
Calcium channel blockers
prescribed to treat angina pectoris, HTN, HF; ex. Verapamil, Diltiazem (Cardizem)
Nitrates
used to dilate blood vessels to increase oxygen delivery; ex. Nitroglycerin
Peripheral Vasodilators
used to treat peripheral vascular disease (PVD); ex. Cyclan
leukemia
blood cancer caused by a rise in the number of WBCs; the WBCs crowd out the RBCs and platelets that the body needs to be healthy
leukemia causes and risks
smokers, exposded to a lot of radiation or certain chemicals, had radiation therapy or chemotherapy to treat cancer, family history of leukemia, genetic disorder like down syndrome
leukemia: acute vs chronic
acute: most of the abnormal blood cells don’t mature and don’t carry out normal functions; progresses fast
chronic: there are some immature cells, but other are normal and can work the way they should; progresses slower
leukemia: lymphocytic vs myelogenous
lymphocytic (lymphoblastic)- involves bone marrow cells that become lymphocytes
myelogenous (myeloid)- involves marrow cells that create RBCs, platelets, and other kinds of WBCs
acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALL; most common form of leukemia in children; can spread to lymph nodes and CNS
acute myelogenous leukemia
AML; second most common form of childhood leukemia and one of the most common in adults
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CLL; other most common form in adults; could be stable for years and not need treatment or sometimes body can’t create normal blood cells and requires treatment
chronic myelogenous leukemia
CML; may not have noticeable symptoms; 65+ in age increases risk
leukemia diagnosis
need to check in bone marrow or blood; including: blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, spinal tap, imaging tests
leukemia treatments
chemotherapy, radiation, biologic therapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplant, surgery
excision
procedure that cuts off or cuts out a portion of a body party without replacing the part removed; ex. removal of one lymph node for look for malignant cells
resection
procedure that cots out all of a body part with out replacement; ex. lumpectomy results with malignant cells so they remove entire lymph node chain
extraction
procedure that pulls off or out without replacement some or all of a body part; ex. bone marrow aspiration to see if cancer has metastasized to bone marrow
