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A&P > Module 11 Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 11 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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2
Q

excretions of the skin

A

removes some salts, lactic acid, and urea with sweat

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3
Q

excretions of the lungs

A

CO2

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4
Q

excretions of the liver

A

removes bilirubin by putting it in bile

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5
Q

excretions of kidneys

A

remove nitrogenous wastes, excess minerals, bilirubin, and excess hydrogen ions by producing urine

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6
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

wastes containing nitrogen; includes: ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine

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7
Q

Kidney functions:

A

vitamin D synthesis, produce erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production, regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and blood concentration of solutes

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8
Q

kidney location

A

retroperitoneal (posterior to the parietal peritoneum; between T11 and L3 vertebrae

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9
Q

3 layers of a kidney

A

outer fibrous renal capsule, then the renal cortex, then the inner renal medulla

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10
Q

renal pyramids

A

3 dimensional cones leading to a funnel-like structure called a minor calyx

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11
Q

nephron

A

each kidney contains over 1 million; produce urine; two parts: renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) and the renal tubule

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12
Q

renal corpuscle

A

composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s casule); afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus which filters the blood before exiting through by way of the efferent arteriole; the filtrate caught in the glomerular capsule is delivered to the renal tubule

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13
Q

renal tubule

A

3 parts: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT); PCT directly connected to the glomerular capsule

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14
Q

flow of filtrate through a nephron:

A

glomerular capsule to PCT to nephron loop to DCT to collecting duct to minor calyx

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15
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

the efferent arteriole leads to a complex capillary bed surrounding the renal tubule; creates a second location that materials can be exchanged between the nephron and the blood before exiting to kidney

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16
Q

3 processes of urine production

A

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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17
Q

filtration

A

movement from capillaries to tubules; passive filtration (doesn’t require energy); based on material size and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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18
Q

reabsorption

A

begins in PCT and peritubular capillaries and continues along the renal tubule; 100% of glucose and amino acids as well as variable amounts of the mineral salts that were filtered out are actively transported (requiring energy) from tubules to capillaries; also 99% of water that was filter is reabsorbed by osmosis into bloodstream

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19
Q

secretion

A

nephron removes the rest of the nitrogenous wastes, excess hydrogen ions, excess potassium, and by-products of drug metabolism that remain in the blood; moving from peritubular capillaries to the tubules; removal of H+ is important to balance pH

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20
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

happens if resp. system can’t eliminate sufficient CO2

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21
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

happens if there is decreased kidney elimination of hydrogen ions or increased production of acidic substances through metabolism

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22
Q

3 hormones that regulate urine production in kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH); ANH increases urine production while ADH and aldosterone result in less urine produced

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23
Q

trigone

A

the triangular area in the base of the bladder made up from the entrance of the two ureters and the urethra; often the site of infection in the bladder

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24
Q

effects of aging on the excretory system

A

size of kidneys and number of functioning nephrons decrease by 1/3rd by 80; with the reduced number of functioning nephrons, glomerular filtration rate decreases; drugs are cleared less efficiently remaining in circulation longer (often requiring lower dosages); responsiveness to ADH decreases making water balance a problem

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25
Q

effects of aging on voiding urine

A

by 50 yo 50% of men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia enlargening the prostate towards its center compressing the urethra; elderly women are prone to incontinence especially if vaginal childbirths have weakened the pelvic floor muscles

26
Q

urethritis

A

infection of the urethra caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi; more common in women due to proximity of anus;

27
Q

hydronephritis

A

buildup of urine in the kidney; results when flow of kidney is blocked causing the kidney to swell and increased pressure inside the kidney causes damage

28
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium or uric acid can precipitate out of urine and form solid stones in the renal pelvis

29
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus; acute and chronic

30
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen; tests amount of urea present in blood; slightly higher levels indical renal insufficiency (azotemia) while seriously elevated levels indicate uremia

31
Q

bladder cancer

A

symptoms: hematuria, anemia, dysuria, and possible pelvic pain; diagnosis involves cystoscopy and Bx; treatment includes removal, chemotherapy and sometimes cystectomy

32
Q

3 functions of the nephron as it produces urine:

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

33
Q

reposition

A

move all or a portion of a body part to its normal location or other suitable location; ex. orchiopexy

34
Q

change

A

ex. a urinary catheter change if catheter was clogged

35
Q

fragmentation

A

breaking solid matter in a body part to pieces; ex. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ECSL) and transurethral lithotripsy

36
Q

inspection

A

visually and/or manually exploring a body part; ex. digital rectal exam (DRE)

37
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

38
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

39
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

40
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition produced by something specific

41
Q

crypt-o

A

hidden

42
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

43
Q

vesicul/o

A

seminal vesicle

44
Q

-cide

A

killing

45
Q

-ism

A

condition

46
Q

-spadias

A

slit, fissure

47
Q

brachy-

A

short

48
Q

epi-

A

above, upon

49
Q

important functions of the urinary system

A

production of renin in the control of BP, production and secretion of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, control of blood osmolality, fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance

50
Q

common signs and symptoms of urinary disorders

A

changes in urinary frequency, abnormal urination patterns, changes in the volume of urine produced, abnormal appearance of the urine, dysuria

51
Q

tests used in diagnosing urinary system disorders

A

urinalysis, cystoscopy, cystometrogram (diagnostic test that evaluates contractile force of the urinary bladder, urethral sphincters, bladder capacity, and other bladder actions

52
Q

using diuretics to treat urinary system disorders

A

helpful for edema, hypertension, CHF; 4 types: aldosterone antagonists, carbonic anhydrase (CAH) inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, and sodium and chloride reabsorption inhibitors

53
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease; slowly progressive decline in the kidneys ability to filter metabolic waste products from the blood

54
Q

CKD symptoms:

A

nocturia, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea, muscle twitching and cramps, edema, anemia, blood clotting issues, gout, muscle twitches, weakness, cramps, and pain, restless leg syndrome

55
Q

CKD causes:

A

in Western world most commonly diabetes and hypertension

56
Q

CKD diagnosis

A

by blood and urine tests, ultrasonography, sometimes Bx

57
Q

CKD treatment

A

aims to restrict fluids, sodium and potassium in the diet, use drugs to correct other conditions and, if needed, dialysis or kidney transplant

58
Q

problems caused by CKD

A

lowered production of RBCs, lose ability to excrete acids so body becomes more acidic; high levels of metabolic waste products in the blood can damage nerve cells in the brain, trunk, arms, and legs; excess uric acid causes gout; pericarditis; atherosclerosis;

59
Q

CKD and protein

A

restricting protein can slow decline in kidney function

60
Q

Dietary treatments for CKD

A

restricting proteins, increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, limiting fat , restricting sodium and potassium, reducing intake of phosphoric foods, treating anemia

61
Q

GFD

A

glomerular filtration rate; measures how well the kidneys are functioning

A&P (10 decks)

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