Module 11 Urinary System Flashcards
pyel/o
renal pelvis
excretions of the skin
removes some salts, lactic acid, and urea with sweat
excretions of the lungs
CO2
excretions of the liver
removes bilirubin by putting it in bile
excretions of kidneys
remove nitrogenous wastes, excess minerals, bilirubin, and excess hydrogen ions by producing urine
nitrogenous wastes
wastes containing nitrogen; includes: ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Kidney functions:
vitamin D synthesis, produce erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production, regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and blood concentration of solutes
kidney location
retroperitoneal (posterior to the parietal peritoneum; between T11 and L3 vertebrae
3 layers of a kidney
outer fibrous renal capsule, then the renal cortex, then the inner renal medulla
renal pyramids
3 dimensional cones leading to a funnel-like structure called a minor calyx
nephron
each kidney contains over 1 million; produce urine; two parts: renal corpuscle (glomerulus and glomerular capsule) and the renal tubule
renal corpuscle
composed of glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s casule); afferent arteriole enters the glomerulus which filters the blood before exiting through by way of the efferent arteriole; the filtrate caught in the glomerular capsule is delivered to the renal tubule
renal tubule
3 parts: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop (loop of Henle), and distal convoluted tubule (DCT); PCT directly connected to the glomerular capsule
flow of filtrate through a nephron:
glomerular capsule to PCT to nephron loop to DCT to collecting duct to minor calyx
peritubular capillaries
the efferent arteriole leads to a complex capillary bed surrounding the renal tubule; creates a second location that materials can be exchanged between the nephron and the blood before exiting to kidney
3 processes of urine production
filtration, reabsorption and secretion
filtration
movement from capillaries to tubules; passive filtration (doesn’t require energy); based on material size and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
reabsorption
begins in PCT and peritubular capillaries and continues along the renal tubule; 100% of glucose and amino acids as well as variable amounts of the mineral salts that were filtered out are actively transported (requiring energy) from tubules to capillaries; also 99% of water that was filter is reabsorbed by osmosis into bloodstream
secretion
nephron removes the rest of the nitrogenous wastes, excess hydrogen ions, excess potassium, and by-products of drug metabolism that remain in the blood; moving from peritubular capillaries to the tubules; removal of H+ is important to balance pH
respiratory acidosis
happens if resp. system can’t eliminate sufficient CO2
metabolic acidosis
happens if there is decreased kidney elimination of hydrogen ions or increased production of acidic substances through metabolism
3 hormones that regulate urine production in kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH); ANH increases urine production while ADH and aldosterone result in less urine produced
trigone
the triangular area in the base of the bladder made up from the entrance of the two ureters and the urethra; often the site of infection in the bladder
effects of aging on the excretory system
size of kidneys and number of functioning nephrons decrease by 1/3rd by 80; with the reduced number of functioning nephrons, glomerular filtration rate decreases; drugs are cleared less efficiently remaining in circulation longer (often requiring lower dosages); responsiveness to ADH decreases making water balance a problem
effects of aging on voiding urine
by 50 yo 50% of men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia enlargening the prostate towards its center compressing the urethra; elderly women are prone to incontinence especially if vaginal childbirths have weakened the pelvic floor muscles
urethritis
infection of the urethra caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi; more common in women due to proximity of anus;
hydronephritis
buildup of urine in the kidney; results when flow of kidney is blocked causing the kidney to swell and increased pressure inside the kidney causes damage
kidney stones
calcium or uric acid can precipitate out of urine and form solid stones in the renal pelvis
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus; acute and chronic
BUN
blood urea nitrogen; tests amount of urea present in blood; slightly higher levels indical renal insufficiency (azotemia) while seriously elevated levels indicate uremia
bladder cancer
symptoms: hematuria, anemia, dysuria, and possible pelvic pain; diagnosis involves cystoscopy and Bx; treatment includes removal, chemotherapy and sometimes cystectomy
3 functions of the nephron as it produces urine:
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
reposition
move all or a portion of a body part to its normal location or other suitable location; ex. orchiopexy
change
ex. a urinary catheter change if catheter was clogged
fragmentation
breaking solid matter in a body part to pieces; ex. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ECSL) and transurethral lithotripsy
inspection
visually and/or manually exploring a body part; ex. digital rectal exam (DRE)
kal/i
potassium
lith/o
stone, calculus
olig/o
scanty
-iasis
abnormal condition produced by something specific
crypt-o
hidden
varic/o
dilated vein
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
-cide
killing
-ism
condition
-spadias
slit, fissure
brachy-
short
epi-
above, upon
important functions of the urinary system
production of renin in the control of BP, production and secretion of erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, control of blood osmolality, fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance
common signs and symptoms of urinary disorders
changes in urinary frequency, abnormal urination patterns, changes in the volume of urine produced, abnormal appearance of the urine, dysuria
tests used in diagnosing urinary system disorders
urinalysis, cystoscopy, cystometrogram (diagnostic test that evaluates contractile force of the urinary bladder, urethral sphincters, bladder capacity, and other bladder actions
using diuretics to treat urinary system disorders
helpful for edema, hypertension, CHF; 4 types: aldosterone antagonists, carbonic anhydrase (CAH) inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, and sodium and chloride reabsorption inhibitors
CKD
chronic kidney disease; slowly progressive decline in the kidneys ability to filter metabolic waste products from the blood
CKD symptoms:
nocturia, loss of appetite, fatigue, nausea, muscle twitching and cramps, edema, anemia, blood clotting issues, gout, muscle twitches, weakness, cramps, and pain, restless leg syndrome
CKD causes:
in Western world most commonly diabetes and hypertension
CKD diagnosis
by blood and urine tests, ultrasonography, sometimes Bx
CKD treatment
aims to restrict fluids, sodium and potassium in the diet, use drugs to correct other conditions and, if needed, dialysis or kidney transplant
problems caused by CKD
lowered production of RBCs, lose ability to excrete acids so body becomes more acidic; high levels of metabolic waste products in the blood can damage nerve cells in the brain, trunk, arms, and legs; excess uric acid causes gout; pericarditis; atherosclerosis;
CKD and protein
restricting protein can slow decline in kidney function
Dietary treatments for CKD
restricting proteins, increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, limiting fat , restricting sodium and potassium, reducing intake of phosphoric foods, treating anemia
GFD
glomerular filtration rate; measures how well the kidneys are functioning
