Module 13 Endocrine System

Question 1

Grave’s disease

Answer 1

aka toxic goiter; most common cause of hyperthyroidism; more than 95% of patients have immunoglobulins, termed thyroid antibodies; symptoms: nervousness, sleeplessness, increased heat sensitivity; signs: increased heart rate, weight loss, increased sweating and exophthalmos, and sometimes damaged retinas and optic nerves

Question 2

Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Answer 2

goiter, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, flushed and warm skin, eyelid tremors, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness, fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, and dyspnea

Question 3

Hashimoto disease

Answer 3

most common primary hypothyroidism; results from the destruction of thyroid tissue by antibodies; causes permanent damage to the thyroid gland and requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy with oral TH

Question 4

signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 4

confusion, memory loss, lethargy, slow speech, cerebellar ataxia, decreased libido and sexual function, anemia, decreased heart rate, cool skin, cold intolerance, dyspnea, and reduced renal blood flow

Question 5

diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

1. Type 1- body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and more than 90% of them are permanently destroyed
2. Type 2- body develops resistance to the effects of insulin

Question 6

diabetes and stenosis

Answer 6

most complications of diabetes are the result of problems with blood vessels; glucose levels that remain high over a long time cause both small and large vessels to narrow

Question 7

Diabetes complications

Answer 7

atherosclerosis, stenosis, decreased immune functions leading to gangrene and osteomyelitis, eye problems, fatty liver disease and cirrhosis, kidney damage leading to chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, diabetic ulcers

Question 8

aden/o

Answer 8

gland

Question 9

cortic/o

Answer 9

cortex

Question 10

crin/o

Answer 10

secrete

Question 11

gonad/o

Answer 11

sex glands

Question 12

target tissues

Answer 12

presence of specific receptors on cell membrane and/or somewhere inside the cell for specific hormones based on the hormone’s chemical makeup and shape

Question 13

3 general categories of hormones based on chemical structure:

Answer 13

steroids, amino acid derivatives, and proteins

Question 14

autocrine

Answer 14

secretion of a hormone by cells of the same tissue type that the hormone targets; ex. prostaglandins

Question 15

paracrine

Answer 15

hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue; ex. endocrine cells in the stomach which cause neighboring cells to produce hydrochloric acid

Question 16

endocrine

Answer 16

hormones that travel through the blood to get to their target tissue

Question 17

pheromone

Answer 17

refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body in another individual; ex. using pheromones in perfume

Question 18

3 ways in which hormone secretion is initiated

Answer 18

1. a neuron stimulating a gland
2. another hormone stimulating a gland
3. a substance other than a hormone stimulating a gland

Question 19

plasma proteins

Answer 19

transport proteins that bind to some of the hormone in the blood making it too large to enter the cells; this is reversed and so, as time goes by, more of the hormone is freed from the plasma proteins to that it can enter the cell; hormones that cannot cross a cell membrane do not need to bind to plasma proteins

Question 20

up-regulation

Answer 20

increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone which increases sensitivity

Question 21

down-regulation

Answer 21

occurs when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone causing lowered sensitivity to the hormone

Question 22

4 ways of hormone elimination:

Answer 22

1. excretion
2. metabolism
3. active transport
4. conjugation

Question 23

diabetes insipidus

Answer 23

completely different than DM; posterior pituitary gland does not release sufficient ADH to cause water reabsorption in the kidneys therefore too much water goes out on urine and water is taken from the blood reducing blood volume