Module 13 Endocrine System Flashcards
Grave’s disease
aka toxic goiter; most common cause of hyperthyroidism; more than 95% of patients have immunoglobulins, termed thyroid antibodies; symptoms: nervousness, sleeplessness, increased heat sensitivity; signs: increased heart rate, weight loss, increased sweating and exophthalmos, and sometimes damaged retinas and optic nerves
Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism
goiter, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, flushed and warm skin, eyelid tremors, tachycardia, loud heart sounds, hypertrophy of left ventricle, restlessness, fatigue, insomnia, decreased attention span, and dyspnea
Hashimoto disease
most common primary hypothyroidism; results from the destruction of thyroid tissue by antibodies; causes permanent damage to the thyroid gland and requires lifelong hormone replacement therapy with oral TH
signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism
confusion, memory loss, lethargy, slow speech, cerebellar ataxia, decreased libido and sexual function, anemia, decreased heart rate, cool skin, cold intolerance, dyspnea, and reduced renal blood flow
diabetes mellitus
- Type 1- body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, and more than 90% of them are permanently destroyed
- Type 2- body develops resistance to the effects of insulin
diabetes and stenosis
most complications of diabetes are the result of problems with blood vessels; glucose levels that remain high over a long time cause both small and large vessels to narrow
Diabetes complications
atherosclerosis, stenosis, decreased immune functions leading to gangrene and osteomyelitis, eye problems, fatty liver disease and cirrhosis, kidney damage leading to chronic kidney disease, neuropathy, diabetic ulcers
aden/o
gland
cortic/o
cortex
crin/o
secrete
gonad/o
sex glands
target tissues
presence of specific receptors on cell membrane and/or somewhere inside the cell for specific hormones based on the hormone’s chemical makeup and shape
3 general categories of hormones based on chemical structure:
steroids, amino acid derivatives, and proteins
autocrine
secretion of a hormone by cells of the same tissue type that the hormone targets; ex. prostaglandins
paracrine
hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue; ex. endocrine cells in the stomach which cause neighboring cells to produce hydrochloric acid
endocrine
hormones that travel through the blood to get to their target tissue
pheromone
refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body in another individual; ex. using pheromones in perfume
3 ways in which hormone secretion is initiated
- a neuron stimulating a gland
- another hormone stimulating a gland
- a substance other than a hormone stimulating a gland
plasma proteins
transport proteins that bind to some of the hormone in the blood making it too large to enter the cells; this is reversed and so, as time goes by, more of the hormone is freed from the plasma proteins to that it can enter the cell; hormones that cannot cross a cell membrane do not need to bind to plasma proteins
up-regulation
increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone which increases sensitivity
down-regulation
occurs when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone causing lowered sensitivity to the hormone
4 ways of hormone elimination:
- excretion
- metabolism
- active transport
- conjugation
diabetes insipidus
completely different than DM; posterior pituitary gland does not release sufficient ADH to cause water reabsorption in the kidneys therefore too much water goes out on urine and water is taken from the blood reducing blood volume
