Module 14 Special Senses Flashcards
aur/o
ear
cochle/o
cochlea
lith/o
stone
ocul/o
eye
ophthalm/o
eye
ot/o
ear
presby/o
old age
propri/o
own
tympan/o
eardrum
general senses
touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold, pain
special senses
have complex sense organs located only in the head such as eye and ear; used for taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and vision
thermoreceptors
detect heat and cold
mecanoreceptors
detect touch, vibration, stretch, and pressure; stimulated by mechanically disturbing the dendrite of the neuron
nociceptors
pain receptors that detect tissue injury or potential tissue injury; receptors may be stimulated by a chemical, temperature, or mechanical disturbance
4 kinds of information transmitted to the brain from the receptors of the general senses:
- type of sensation
- location
- intensity
- duration
pathway for pain
unipolar neuron - spinal cord- medulla oblongata- pons- midbrain- thalamus- parietal lobe OR unipolar neuron- spinal cord- reticular formation0 hypothalamus and limbic system
gustation
taste; approximately 10k taste buds most being on tongue but some on lining of cheeks and on throughout the mouth
lingual papillae
bumps on the tongue; most contain multiple taste buds
cell types of the taste buds
- taste cells (sensory cells)
- basal cells
- support cells
5 primary tastes:
- salt
- sweet
- sour
- bitter
- umami
pathway for taste
cranial nerve- medulla oblongata- hypothalamus (for salivation, gagging, emotional responses)
AND cranial nerve- medulla oblongata- pons- midbrain- thalamus- parietal lobe
olfaction
sense of smell; about 12mil olfactory receptor cells; receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of the roof of the nasal cavity
pathway for olfaction
bipolar neuron- CN1- temporal lobe- frontal lobe (also to hypothalamus and amygdala for reactive responses like coughing, and sneezing)
hertz
Hz; measures pitch in cycles per second
ossicles
3 small bones in the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and the stapes
eustachian tube
aka auditory tube; normally flattened and closed, but opens during yawning or swallowing to allow air to enter the middle ear
static equilibrium
perceived when the head is stationary or moving in a straight line
dynamic equilibrium
perceived when the head is rotating
vestibular apparatus
contains receptors for both types of equilibrium
saccule
used to perceive vertical movement of the head, as going up/down in an elevator
utricle
used for horizontal movement of the head, as in acceleration in a car
otolith
calcium carbonate and protein granules which are suspended in the otolithic membrane
semicircular canals
perceives dynamic equilibrium (transverse, coronal, and sagittal planes)
orbital region
contains: eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, and tarsal glands
conjunctiva
a thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the white, exposed surface of the eye; secretes a mucous film to prevent the eye from drying
3 layers of the eyeball:
- sclera- outermost layer
- uvea- middle layer
- retina- innermost layer
uvea
3 regions: choroid layer, ciliary body, and the iris
retina
contains rods and cones (photoreceptors) and associated neurons important for vision; axons of the bipolar neurons come together to leave the retina to form the optic nerve
rods
used for gray-scale and low-light conditions
cones
used for color vision and are responsible for the best visual acuity
