Module 8 Flashcards
lymph
A white milky protein containing excess IF
lymphatic capillaries
- permeable
- endothelial cells
lymphatic vessels
carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymphatic ducts
Lymph Nodes
- located along vessels
- contain WBC
cytokines
communication molecules
- produced and secreted by WBC
White Blood Cells
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- NK cells
- protects body from foreign materials list the 2
list the 2 immune defences
- innate
2. adaptive
Innate Defences
- born with
- 2 lines of defence - surface barriers + internal defences
Adaptive Defences
- acquired throughout life after contact with bacteria
- 3rd line of defence - immune response
Innate Defences - Surface barriers
Physical - skin - hairs - cilia - normal flora Chemical - sweat, saliva, tears - sebum - mucus - gastric juice
Innate Defences - Internal Defences
- macrophages + neutrophils
- NK cells
- Interferons
- Complement
- Fever
- Inflammation
Macrophages + neutrophils
- migrate
- adhere to foreign materials
- engulf
- internalise
- destroy via enzymes
NK Cells
destroy virus infected + cancer cells
- recognise, adhere + destroy
- perforins = create pores
- granzymes = induce apoptosis
Interferons
specific cytokines
- inhibit viral replication
- activate macrophages + NK cells to destroy
Complement
Large Group of Proteins
- recruit macrophages + neutrophil
- opsonisation = sticky + tasty
- directly destroy via membrane attack complex
- enhances inflammatory response
Inflammation
- localises + contains
- disposes of foreign materials
- repairs damaged tissue
Fever
- pyrogens = > temperature
- inhibits growth of bacteria
- > cell metabolism = acceleration of immune defences
list the adaptive defences
- antigens
- immunocompetence
- immunological memory
Antigens
activate the body’s adaptive defences
activate:
- T cells
- B cells
- Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
APC cells
are macrophages that phagocytose + present fragments to T cells
Role of T cells and B cells
activate immune response
immunocompetence
enables T & B Cells to recognise a specific antigen via unique surface receptors
Self Tolerance
recognises self from non self antigens
where do B cells mature
bone marrow
where do T cells mature
thymus
memory cells
- remember antigen
- inactive until antigen re appears
- launches faster + stronger counter attack = secondary immune response
list the 4 defence mechanisms involved in a cellular immune response
- neutralisation
- agglutination
- precipitation
- Complement fixation + activation
neutralisation
binding of antibodies to antigens to prevent cellular attachment
agglutination
form large antigen-antibody complex by binding multiple cellular antigens
precipitation
large antigen - antibody complex by binding multiple soluble antigens
Complement fixation + activation
antibodies bound to cellular antigen to fix and activate complement proteins.
To create holes and enhance phagocytosis via opsinisation
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
no T helper cells = no immune response
Autoimmune disease
the bodys immune defences targets the bodys own cells and tissues
(self reactive B cells differentiate into plasma cells that secrete self reactive antibodies)
hypersensitivities
the bodys immune defences respond to a harmless antigen perceived as a threat
Anaphylactic Shock
systemic response to an antigen
- mast cells + basophils release histamine
- treatment: adrenalin = broncho dilation + vasoconstriction = > BP
what are hypersensitivities mediated by
IgE = histamine
Primary Immune Response
- first antigen encounter
- does not protect from illness
Antibodies involved in primary immune response
IgG
IgM
Secondary Immune response
- activate memory T + B cells
- subsequent antigen encounter
- produces large amounts of IgG
Cellular Immune Response (first part before division into humoral or cellular)
- Antigen
- APC cells engulf + present antigen
- Antigen specific Helper T cells
proliferate
- memory cells + active cells
- actie cells secrete cytokines
- cytokines produce either: innate defence, or help active humoral or cellular immune response
Cellular Immune Response
- Antigen Specific Cytotoxic Cells
proliferate
- memory cells and active cells
- active cells release Perforins + Granzymes
- induces target cell apoptosis
Cellular Immune response - Humoral immune response
- Antigen Specific B cells
proliferate + differentiate
- memory cells and plasma cells
plasma cells secrete
- antigen specific antibodies
- defence mechanisms tag
