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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

list the 4 functions of the urinary system

A
  1. regulates
  2. excretes waste
  3. endocrine functions
  4. produces
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2
Q

functions of the urinary system - regulation

A
  • food volume
  • solutes + electrolytes
  • acid base balance
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3
Q

functions of the urinary system - excretes waste

A
  • metabolic eg nitrogenous waste

- foreign eg drugs

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4
Q

functions of the urinary system - endocrine functions

A
  • erythropoietin (stimulates RBC production)

- renin (enzyme)

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5
Q

functions of the urinary system - produces

A
  • active vitamin d

- glucose

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6
Q

what structures supply the kidneys with blood ?

A
  • renal arteries

- branches of abdominal aorta

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7
Q

list the 3 regions of the kidney

A
  1. cortex
  2. renal medulla
  3. renal pelvis
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8
Q

Cortex

A
  • outer region

- contains cortical nephrons

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9
Q

Renal Medulla

A
  • cone shaped tissue

- renal pyramids

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10
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • funnel shaped
  • continuous with ureter
  • drains papillae through minor + major calyces
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11
Q

what is a nephron

A

the functional unit of the kidney

- forms urine

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12
Q

are the collecting ducts a part of the nephron

A

no

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13
Q

what are the 4 compartments of a nephron

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
  3. juxtamedullary nephrons
  4. cortical nephrons
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14
Q

how is blood supplied to the nephron

A

blood enters the glomerulus via the afferent arteriole + exits via efferent arteriole

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15
Q

what are the 3 processes of urine production

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
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16
Q

Urine Production - Glomerular Filtration

A

A non selective process in which blood pressure forces fluid through glomerular membrane

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17
Q

what is the filtration membrane of the glomerulus composed of and what molecules are allowed to pass ?

A
  • made up of perforated epithelium + thin epithelial cells
    and a collagenous membrane
  • allows free passage of water + most solutes into glomerular capsule (other than blood cells, proteins and negatively charged proteins)
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18
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

total volume of filtrate per minute

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19
Q

does an increased Glomerular Filtration Rate lead to an increase or a decrease in urine production

A

increased urine production

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20
Q

how is glomerular filtration regulated

A

via myogenic mechanism

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21
Q

Glomerular Filtration Regulation - Describe the function of the myogenic mechanism

A

The changes in systemic BP causes either constriction or dilation of the AFFERENT arteriole

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22
Q

Urine Production - Tubular Reabsorption

A

A selective process that reclaims most of the filtrate formed during glomerular filtration

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23
Q

Tubular Reabsorption - what is the site of most reabsorption

A

PCT (65% of NA+ and water reabsorbed here)

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24
Q

Tubular Reabsorption - role of nephron loop

A
  • water leaves descending loop
  • no solute reabsorption in descending loop
  • absorbs water + solutes in ascending portion of loop
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25
Q

Tubular Reabsorption - role of DCT - CD

A
  • involvement of hormones
  • ADH = diuresis
  • Aldosterone = cells absorb more NA+
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26
Q

Urine Production - Tubular Secretion

A

A selective process moving substances from blood into filtrate

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27
Q

Urine Production - Tubular Secretion - Where does it mostly occur, and what happens ?

A
  • occurs in PCT
  • eliminates excess K+
  • controls blood pH
  • disposal of substances eg drugs
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28
Q

what is the pH of urine

A 
pH 6 
( variable 4.5 - 8)
29
Q

describe the chemical composition of urine

A
  • 95% water
  • 5% solutes
  • nitrogenous waste
  • urea
30
Q

define urine

A

the stuff removed from the body after filtration, reabsorption and secretion by renal tubule

31
Q

Pathway of urine

A
  1. papillae of pyramids
  2. Minor Calyces
  3. Major Calyces
  4. Pelvis
  5. Ureter
  6. Bladder
32
Q

define micturition

A

voiding

33
Q

presence of glucose in urine

A

diabetes mellitus

34
Q

presence of protein in urine

A

exercise, pregnancy, hypertension, renal disease

35
Q

presence of ketone bodies in urine

A
  • starvation

- uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

36
Q

presence of bile in urine

A
  • liver disease

- obstruction of bile ducts

37
Q

presence of RBC’s in urine

A
  • trauma
  • kidney stones
  • infection
  • cancer
38
Q

presence of WBC’s in urine

A

infection

39
Q

what are the 2 main fluid compartments in the body

A
  1. intracellular fluid

2. extracellular fluid

40
Q

what is the major cation and major anion of extracellular fluid

A

cation: NA+
anion: Cl

41
Q

what is the major cation and major anion of intracellular fluid

A

cation: K+
anion: Hpo43 -

42
Q

what is hypertonic movement

A

water moves from ICF to ECF

43
Q

what is hypotonic movement

A

water moves from ECF to ICF

44
Q

when is the hypothalamic thirst centre activated

A
  • by a 1-2% change in osmolarity

- or a 5-10% drop in plasma volume

45
Q

what inhibits thirst

A
  • moistening of mucosa

- stretch receptors

46
Q

what occurs with the hormone aldosterone in the ECF

A
  • release of angiotenisn II when potassium levels are high

- reabsorbs NA+ and water

47
Q

what occurs in the ECF with the activation of the renin angiotensin system

A
  • releases ADH, aldosterone

- thirst mechanism stimulated

48
Q

what is the direct regulation of BP

A

change in BP + alter in urine outpt

49
Q

what does aldosterone regulate

A

regulates electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluid (NA+,K)
- therefore increases Bv + BP

50
Q

when is ADH released

A
  • solute concentration increases

- angiotensisn II

51
Q

what are the 4 things Angiotensin II regulates within the renin angiotensin mechanism

A
  1. ADH
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Hypothalamic Thirst Centre
  4. Peripheral Vasoconstriction
52
Q

define dehydration

A

when water output exceeds input

water depletion exceeds NA+ depletion

53
Q

early signs of dehydration

A
  • thirst
  • flushed skin
  • decreased urine output
54
Q

term for prolonged dehydration

A

hypovolaemia

55
Q

prolonged signs of dehydration

A
  • decreased circulating blood volume
  • confusion/ disorientation
  • hypovolemic shock
56
Q

what hormonal systems are activated by a decrease in BP + BV

A
  • renin angiotensin system
  • aldosterone
  • ADH
57
Q

define hypotonic hydration

A

when eater intake exceeds water output

58
Q

signs of hypotonic hydration

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • muscle cramps
59
Q

Hypotonic Hydration - Cerebral Oedema

A
  • disorientation
  • coma
  • death
60
Q

Hypotonic Hydration - Hyponatremia

A
  • low NA in ECF

- cells swell

61
Q

Blood pH - acidiosis

A

pH below 7.35

62
Q

Bloog pH - alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

63
Q

what are the 3 main mechanisms to regulate blood pH

A
  1. chemical buffer systems
  2. respiratory regulation
  3. renal mechanisms
64
Q

list the 3 chemical buffer systems used to regulate blood pH

A
  1. bicarbonate buffer system
  2. phosphate buffer system
  3. protein buffer system
65
Q

list the 2 renal mechanisms used to regulate blood pH

A
  1. conserve + generate HCO3

2. excrete HCO3 in collecting ducts

66
Q

describe the bicarbonate buffer system

A
  • carbonic acid
  • bicarbonate (wake base)
  • if there is a low ph, tie up H+ = increase in Ph
    vice versa
  • removed and retained via respiratory and renal mechanisms
67
Q

describe metabolic acidioisis/alkalosis

A

disturbances causing excess acids or bases

68
Q

describe respiratory acidiosis/ alkalosis

A
  • fails to regulate
  • hypoventilation
  • retention of co2
  • pH < 6.8 = coma, death

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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