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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

base of the heart

A
  • superior

- wide surface

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2
Q

apex of the heart

A
  • inferior
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3
Q

pericardium

A

double walled sac

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4
Q

list the 3 structures of the pericardium

A
  1. parietal (outer)
  2. epicardium (inner visceral pericardium)
  3. pericardinal space (contains fluid)
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5
Q

lis the 3 structures of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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6
Q

epicardium

A

covers the heart = visceral pericardium

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7
Q

myocardium

A

muscular wall

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8
Q

endocardium

A

endothelium covers inner surfaces of the heart

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9
Q

coronary circulation

A

blood to the myocardium

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10
Q

left coronary arteries supplies to

A

anterior ventricles via anterior IV artery

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11
Q

right coronary arteries supplies to

A

posterior ventricles via posterior IV artery

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12
Q

great cardiac vein

A

drain anterior regions + is supplied by anterior IV artery

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13
Q

middle cardiac vein

A

drains posterior regions + is supplied by posterior IV artery

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14
Q

where do all veins drain into and where does this go

A

all veins drain into the coronary sinus which supplies the right atrium

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15
Q

list the external structures of the heart

A
  • inferior ventricles
  • superior atria
  • vesses
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16
Q

characteristics of the 2 inferior ventricles

  • receiving or discharging ?
  • how are they separated ?
  • thick or thin walled ?
A
  • discharging chambers
  • seperated via interventricular sulcus
  • thick walled
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17
Q

characteristics of the 2 superior atria

  • receiving or discharging ?
  • how are they separated ?
  • thick or thin walled ?
A
  • receiving chambers
  • separated from ventricles via coronary sulcus
  • thin walled
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18
Q

characteristics of right atria

  • what blood does it receive ?
  • from where?
A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from superior venca cava from regions superior to diaphragm, and inferior vena cava
  • and coronary sinus
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19
Q

characteristics of left atria

  • what blood does it receive ?
  • from where?
A
  • receives oxygenated blood from R+L pulmonary veins from lungs
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20
Q

characteristics of vessels

A
  • blood from ventricles
  • pulmonary trunk to the lungs
  • aorta to the body to deliver oxygen
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21
Q

list the internal structures of the heart

A
  • ventricles
  • atria
  • valves
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22
Q

how are the ventricles separated from the atria

A

AV valves

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23
Q

how are the AV valves anchored

A

chordae tendinea - attached to papillary muscles

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24
Q

how does blood exit the ventricles

A

via SL valves

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25
Q

right av valve (tri or bicuspid)

A

tricuspid

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26
Q

left av valve bicuspid (tri or bicuspid)

A

bicuspid

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27
Q

role of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract

28
Q

role of the semilunar (SL) valves

A

ensure 1 way blood flow

29
Q

when do AV valves open

A

when atrial pressure > ventricular pressure

30
Q

when do AV valves close

A

when atrial pressure < ventricular pressure

31
Q

when do SL valves open

A

when ventricular pressure > arterial pressure

32
Q

when do SL valves close

A

when ventricular pressure < arterial pressure

33
Q

left side of the heart

A

systemic (thicker ventricle)

34
Q

right side of the heart

35
Q

unidirectional bloodflow through the heart

A

oxygen poor blood

  1. SVC
    IFC
    Coronary Sinus
  2. Right Atrium

via tricuspid valve to the

  1. Right Ventricle

via pulmonary SL valves

  1. Pulmonary Trunk
  2. Lungs

oxygen rich blood

to heart

  1. 4 pulmonary veins
  2. left atrium
  3. left ventricle

via aortic SL valve to

  1. aorta
  2. body/systemic capillaries
36
Q

list the 5 structures of the intrinsic conduction system

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle
  4. bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibres
37
Q

intrinsic conduction system - sinoatrial node

A
  • pacemaker cell
  • depolarises
  • located at R atrial wall
38
Q

intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular node

A
  • delays impulse by 0.1 sec to allow for atria to complete contraction
  • located at the junction b/w atria + ventricles
39
Q

intrinsic conduction system - atrioventricular bundle

A
  • located in the upper interventricular septum

- only electrical connection between atria + ventricles

40
Q

intrinsic conduction system - bundle branches

A

travel in interventicular septum to apex

41
Q

intrinsic conduction system - purkinje fibres

A

penetrates ventricle walls + depolarises ventricular myocardium

42
Q

what are the 2 methods of extrinsic innervation

A
  1. cardio acceleratory centre

2. carioinhibitory centre

43
Q

extrinsic innervation - cardioacceleratory centre

A

> HR = > contraction

sympathetic input to:

  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Myocardium
  • coronary arteries
44
Q

extrinsic innervation - cardioinhibitory centre

A

< HR

parasympathetic input via vagus nerve to:

  • SA node
  • AV node
45
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped into circuit per minute

CO = SV X HR

46
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from ventricle per beat

SV = EDV-ESV

47
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of relaxation

48
Q

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood remaining in ventricle after contraction

49
Q

list the factors that affect CO

A
  • EDV, ESV
  • ANS
  • Hormones

(anything that affects SV or HR will affect CO)

50
Q

factors affecting ESV

A
  • contractility ( > contractility = > SV = < ESV = CO)

- afterload

51
Q

afterload

A

the pressure that the ventricles must overcome to open SL valves to eject blood into the arteries

52
Q

preload

A

the degree the myocardium is stretched before it contracts

determines contraction, EDV and SV

53
Q

passive filling time

A

time both atria + ventricles are in diastole

determines EDV

54
Q

venous return

A

amount of blood returning to the heart - depending on:

  • total blood volume
  • pattern of BF
55
Q

Heart rate

A
  • short term control of CO
  • altered to meet needs of organs/tissues
  • average = 75 bpm
56
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A
  • sympathetic input (> depolarisation of nodes = > HR)
  • parasympathetic input (< depolarisation of nodes = < HR)
  • adrenalin
  • thyroxine
57
Q

ECG’s

A

electrical events detected by electrocardiograph

- 12 locations on the body

58
Q

what does an ECG determine

A
  • heart activity

- composite of all action potentials generated by the heart

59
Q

list the 3 ECG deflections

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS complex
  3. T Wave
60
Q

ECG - P wave deflection

A
  • atrial depolarisation

- begins at SA node

61
Q

ECG - QRS complex deflection

A
  • depolarisation of ventricles
62
Q

ECG - T wave deflection

A
  • repolarisation of ventricles
63
Q

factors which can change a pattern of an ECG

A
  • damaged regions

- enlarged heart

64
Q

Heart Sounds - Lubb SI

A
  • closure of AV valves

- ventricles contract

65
Q

Heart Sounds - Dupp S2

A
  • closure of SL valves

- ventricles relax

66
Q

cardiac cycle - 8 steps

A
  1. 4 chambers relaxed
  2. atrial systole
  3. atrial systole ends + atrial diastole begins
  4. ventricular systole
  5. Ventricular systole
  6. ventricular diastole
  7. isovolumetric relaxation
  8. ventricular diastole

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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