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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

list 3 different types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
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2
Q

cartilage - hyaline

A
  • forms epiphyseal plate
  • covers ends of articulating bone
  • most abundant
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3
Q

cartilage - elastic

A
  • maintains shape

- forms auricle

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4
Q

cartilage - fibrocartilage

A
  • forms knee
  • inteveterbral discs
  • pubic symphysis
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5
Q

list the 5 functions of bones

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. storage of minerals and triglycerides
  4. blood cell production
  5. movement
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6
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • ribcage
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7
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • limbs
  • shoulder
  • pelvic girdle
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8
Q

list the 4 different bone shapes

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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9
Q

tuberosity

A

rough + rounded

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10
Q

trochanter

A

large + irregular projection

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11
Q

tubercle

A

small + rounded

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12
Q

spine

A

pointed

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13
Q

process

A

bony bump

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14
Q

crest

A

prominent bony ridge

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15
Q

malleolus

A

projection shaped like hammer head

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16
Q

head

A

round expression at end of bone

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17
Q

condyle

A

smooth rounded surface at end

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18
Q

osteomalacia/rickets

A
  • lack of calcium phosphate crystals
  • soft, flexible, deformed bones
  • insufficent calcium intake
  • vitamin d defficieny
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19
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

A
  • congenital
  • affects quantity + quality of collagen fibres
  • brittles + easily fractured
  • no cure
  • requires strengthening
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20
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • bone absorption outpaces bone deposition
  • reduction in bone mass
  • normal matrix components but in reduced amounts
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21
Q

structure of bone (tissues)

A
  • connective tissues
  • nervous tissue
  • muscle + epithelial tissue
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22
Q

list the 3 types of connective tissue

A
  1. osseous tissue
  2. adipose tissue
  3. hyaline cartilage
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23
Q

list the 3 components of the matrix

A
  1. collagen fibres
  2. calcium phosphate crystals
  3. ground substances
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24
Q

collagen fibres

A

flexibility + tensile strength

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25
Q

calcium phosphate crystals

A

hard + compressive strength

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26
Q

list the specialised cells of osseous tissue (4)

A
  • osteoprogenitor
  • osteoblasts (bone building)
  • osteoclasts
  • osteocytes
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27
Q

intersitial bone growth

A
  • lengthens the bone
  • occurs at epiphyseal plate
  • generation of new cartilage on top
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28
Q

apposiitonal bone growth

A
  • widens bone

- outer surface

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29
Q

regulation of bone growth

A
  • GH
  • TH
  • promotes and ends growth
30
Q

list the 2 different types of bones

A
  1. compact

2. spongy

31
Q

compact bone

A
  • osteons

- resist forces

32
Q

spongy bone

A
  • osseous tissue
  • trabeculae (irregular lattice)
  • resists from all directions
33
Q

structures of an osteon (3)

A
  1. central canal
  2. concentric circles
  3. osteocytes
34
Q

osteon - central canal

A

contain blood vessels and nerves

35
Q

osteon - concentric circles

A

hollow cylinders

36
Q

osteon - osteocytes

A

lie between the cylinders of the matrix

37
Q

list 3 steps of fracture treatment

A
  1. reduction
  2. immobilisation
  3. rehabilitation
38
Q

closed fracture

A

bone does not break the skin

39
Q

open fracture

A

bone protrudes skin

40
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break

41
Q

compression fracture

A

bone crushed

42
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged bone as a result of excessive twisting

43
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

bone breaks along epiphyseal plate

44
Q

transverse fracture

A

bone breaks along shaft

45
Q

depressed fracture

A
  • broken bone pressed inwards
46
Q

avulsion fracture

A

bone fragments away from main bone (usually at sight of tendon or ligament attachment)

47
Q

pathological fracture

A

caused by disease that weakens bones

48
Q

colles fracture

A

break at distal end of radius

49
Q

scaphoid fracture

A

common carpal bone fracture

50
Q

potts fracture

A

fracture of both tibia and fibula

51
Q

list the 4 steps of fracture repair

A
  1. HAEMATOMA FORMS
    (clot forms)
  2. FIBROCARTILLAGINOUS CALLUS FORMS
    (fibroblasts produce collagen, chondrocytes produce collagen, splints broken end)
  3. BONY CALLUS FORMS
    (converted to spongy, bone ends united)
  4. BONE REMODELLING
    (compact bone replaces spongy, osteoclasts remove excess bone)
52
Q

list the 3 functional classifications of joints

A
  1. synarthosis
  2. amphiarthosis
  3. diarthosis
53
Q

synarthosis

A

immovable

54
Q

amphiarthosis

A

slightly moveable

55
Q

diarthosis

A

freely moveable

56
Q

list the 3 structural classifications of joints

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
57
Q

fibrous joint

A
  • no joint cavity

- immovable/slightly moveable

58
Q

cartilaginous joint

A
  • no joint cavity

- immovable/slightly moveable

59
Q

synovial joint

A
  • joint cavity present

- freely moveable

60
Q

list the 5 structures of a synovial joint

A
  1. articular capsule
  2. joint cavity
  3. synovial fluid
  4. articular cartilage
  5. reinforcing ligament
61
Q

synovial structures - articular capsule

A
  • surrounds entire joint

- 2 layers = outer fibrous and inner synovial which produces fluid

62
Q

synovial structures - joint cavity

A
  • separates articulating bones + contains fluid
63
Q

synovial structures - synovial fluid

A
  • shock absorbs
  • reduces friction
  • circulates nutrients
  • removes waste
64
Q

synovial structures - articular cartilage

A
  • covers ends of bones
  • shock absorption
  • reduces friction
65
Q

synovial structures - reinforcing ligament

A

stabilises joints

66
Q

list the 4 additional structures of a synovial joint

A
  • menisci
  • muscle tendons
  • bursae/tendon sheaths
  • fat pads
67
Q

additional structures of a synovial joint - menisci

A

discs of fibrocartilage

  • stabilises
  • shock absorbs
  • reduces friction
68
Q

additional structures of a synovial joint- muscle tendons

A

stabilises

69
Q

additional structures of a synovial joint- bursae/tendon sheaths

A

bags of synovial fluid

- reduces friction

70
Q

additional structures of a synovial joint - fat pads

A

protect joints + structures

71
Q

list the the types of synovial joints

A
  • plane e.g. intercarpal
  • pivot e.g. atlas axis
  • condylar e.g. wrist
  • hinge e.g. elbow
  • saddle e.g. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
  • ball + socket e.g. shoulder

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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