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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

boyles law

A

if volume increases, pressure decreases

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2
Q

list the 2 inspiratory muscles

A
  1. external intercostal muscles

2. diaphragm

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3
Q

during inspiration which way does the ribs and diaphragm move

A

ribs and sternum up

diaphragm down = > volume = < pressure

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4
Q

during expiration which way does the ribs and diaphragm move

A

diaphragm relaxes, moves up = < volume = > pressure

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5
Q

passive expiration

A
  • muscles relax

- elastic recoil

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6
Q

forced expiration

A
  • internal intercostals move down
  • contracts accessory muscles

= < volume

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7
Q

list the 3 factors which can affect pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. resistance
  2. compliance
  3. alveolar surface tension
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8
Q

resistance

A

opposition to gas flow

  • friction
  • airway diametre

sympathetic = dilation

  • resistance = obstructive pulmonary diseases
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9
Q

compliance

A

ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to stretch

  • a decrease in compliance = restrictive disorders
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10
Q

alveolar surface tension

A

surface tension b/w water molecules + alveolar fluid

  • surfactant reduces tension and prevents collapse
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11
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing

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12
Q

vital capacity

A

max amount of air that can be expelled after max inspiratory effort (the exchangeable air in lungs)

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13
Q

cause of obstructive disorders and the effect on vital capacity

A
  • reduced diameter
  • increased resistance
  • VC takes longer to achieve
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14
Q

examples of obstructive disorder

A
  • asthma (inflammation = bronchoconstriction)

- bronchitis (alveolar destruction + collapse)

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15
Q

cause of restrictive disorders and effect on the vital capacity

A
  • decreased compliance

- reduces VC

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16
Q

examples of restrictive disorder

A
  • fibrosis
  • arthritis
  • paralysis
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17
Q

infant respiratory distress

A
  • don’t produce enough surfactant
  • alveoli can not maintain inflation

treatment; spray airways with surfactant

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18
Q

how is the respiratory system divided structurally

A
  • upper

- lower

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19
Q

function of upper respiratory system

A
  • filter, humidify, warm

- reabsorb heat, water

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20
Q

function of lower respiratory system

A
  • conducts air to gas exchange surfaces
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21
Q

how is the respiratory system divided functionally

A
  1. conducting

2. respiratory

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22
Q

areas of the conducting areas of respiratory system and its function

A

passageways that:

  • conduct
  • humidify
  • cleanse
  • warm
  • reabsorb outgoing heat and water
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23
Q

function of the respiratory area of the respiratory system

A
  • bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli

(where gas exchange occurs)

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24
Q

Alveoli

A

surface area for gas exchange

type 1 epithelial cells

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25
Q

list the 3 compartments of the respiratory membrane

A
  1. alveolar epithelial cells
  2. basement membrane
  3. capillary endothelial cells
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26
Q

list the 2 bloody supplies of the lungs

A
  1. pulmonary circulation

2. bronchial circulation

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27
Q

list the innervations of the lungs (3)

A
  1. visceral sensory fibres
  2. parasympathetic fibres (constrict bronchioles)
  3. sympathetic fibres (dilate bronchioles)
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28
Q

list the 3 compartments of the pleura

A
  1. thoracic wall
  2. parietal pleura
  3. visceral pleura
29
Q

function of pleural space

A
  • lubrication

- facilitates adhesion of visceral pleura + parietal pleura

30
Q

upper respiratory system - nasal hair function

A

filters out particulates

31
Q

upper respiratory system - mucus function

A
  • traps particulates
  • moistens air
  • contains lysosomes = kill bacteria
32
Q

upper respiratory system - mucociliary escalator

A

moves contaminated mucus to throat

33
Q

upper respiratory system - subepithelial capillary plexus - function

A

warms the air

34
Q

upper respiratory system - nasal conche - function

A
  • creates turbulence

- increases surface area for warming

35
Q

conducting zone of respiratory system - pharynx function

A

passageway for air + food

36
Q

conducting zone of respiratory system - larynx function

A
  • facilitates voice
  • open airway
  • includes escalator
  • sorts air + food channels
  • surrounds and protects opening of trachea
37
Q

conducting zone of respiratory system - trachea - function

A
  • windpipe

- includes escalator

38
Q

conducting zone of respiratory system - bronchi - function

A
  • no escalator
  • no cartilage rings
  • abundant elastic fibres
  • circular muscle fibres
39
Q

which structure marks the end of the conducting zone

A

terminal bronchioles

40
Q

list the types of bronchi/bronchioles (6)

A
  • primary bronchi
  • lobar bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
41
Q

which 4 factors influence pulmonary gas exchange

A
  1. partial pressure
  2. solubility of gas
  3. alveolar ventilation + pulmonary BF
  4. structure of respiratory membrane
42
Q

list the 2 different types of gas diffusion

A
  1. external respiration

2. internal respiration

43
Q

gas diffusion - external respiration

A
  • located at alveoli
  • oxygen travels from alveoli to capillaries
  • carbon dioxide travels from capillaries to alveoli
44
Q

gas diffusion - internal respiration

A
  • located at the tissues
  • oxygen from blood to the tissues
  • carbon dioxide from tissues to plasma
45
Q

ventilation perfusion coupling

A

efficient gas exchange requires matching gas flow (ventilation) with blood flow (perfusion)

  • carbon dioxide in capillaries determines bronchiole diameter = gas flow
  • oxygen in alveoli determines arteriole diameter + thus blood flow into capillaries
46
Q

list the 4 factors that determine efficiency through respiratory zone

A
  1. Gas partial pressure
  2. Gas solubility
  3. Ventilation Perfusion Coupling
  4. Characteristics of respiratory membrane
47
Q

list the 3 characteristics of the respiratory membrane which provides for efficiency through respiratory zone

A
  • thin membrane = rapid gas exchange
  • large surface area = large gas exchange
  • alveolar fluid + surfactant
48
Q

describe oxygen transport

A
  • 1.5 % dissolved in plasma
  • poorly soluble in water
  • solution: RBC + haemoglobin
  • RBC adapted to facilitate
49
Q

describe carbon dioxide transport

A
  • 10% dissolves, 20 % bind to Hb, 70% bicarbonate ions in plasma
  • exits RBC to plasma
50
Q

describe oxygen binding to Hb

A
  • binds loosely + reversibly
  • insures affinity

influenced by:
> temp
< blood pH
> blood carbon dioxide

51
Q

what happens when oxygen decreases at tissue level

52
Q

list the causes of hypoxia

A
  1. Anemia ( few RBC)
  2. Ischemia (blocked circulation)
  3. Hypoxemia (decreased oxygen in blood)
  4. Histotoxic hypoxia (cells unable to use oxygen)
53
Q

what is the optimum pH level of plasma

54
Q

how is plasma pH regulated

A

carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system

55
Q

function of carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

A

binds or releases H+ ions to regulate the pH of the plasma

- occurs in RBC and plasma

56
Q

acidosis

A

increased PCO2, decreased pH

57
Q

alkalosis

A

decreased PCO2, increased pH

58
Q

hyperventilation

A

fast breathing

59
Q

hypoventilation

60
Q

influence of CO2 on plasma pH - hypoventilation

A
  • co2 accumulates = increase

- increase H+ = decrease pH

61
Q

influence of CO2 on plasma pH - hyperventilation

A
  • out more co2 = decrease

- decrease in H+ = increase pH

62
Q

oxygen toxicity

A

increased oxygen

63
Q

what does a decrease in co2 =

A

increase pH

64
Q

what does an increase in co2 =

A

decreased pH

65
Q

describe the neural control of respiratory

A
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
  • integrate incoming sensory info into rhythm
66
Q

list the 4 factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing

A
  1. CO2, H+
  2. stretch/inflation
  3. emotions
  4. choice
67
Q

what is the most powerful mechanism of regulation

A

carbon dioxide levels

68
Q

inflation/stretch receptor

A

stretch receptors in lungs stimulated by lung inflation, sending signals to respiratory centres

69
Q

list the chemoreceptors which detects respiratory changes

A
  1. central (brainstem, detects changes in co2)

2. peripheral (located in aortic arch + carotid sinuses to detect changes in all)

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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