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BMA - Exam Semester 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

list the 6 structures of the digestive tract

A
  1. mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. oesophagus
  4. large intestine
  5. stomach
  6. small intestine
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2
Q

list the 6 digestive processes

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical digestion
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
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3
Q

list the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  1. teeth + tongue
  2. salivary glands
  3. gall bladder
  4. pancreas
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4
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into digestive tract

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5
Q

propulsion

A

moving food through digestive tract

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

muscle contraction

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7
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physically breaking up food

mouth, stomach, small intestine

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8
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down food complexes

mouth to small intestine

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9
Q

absorption

A

passage of digested and products from tract into blood or lymph

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10
Q

structure of oral cavity

A

sratified squamous cells to protect

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11
Q

processes the oral cavity performs

A
  • ingestion
  • propulsion
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
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12
Q

structure of pharynx + oesophagus

A

no adaptations

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13
Q

processes the pharynx + oesophagus performs

A

propulsion

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14
Q

structure of the stomach

A
  • epithelial tissue arranged into gastric pits

- additional oblique layer of muscle for pummelling food + forcing chyme into duodenum

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15
Q

processes the stomach performs

A
  • propulsion
  • absorption
  • chemical digestion of proteins
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16
Q

structural adaptations of the small intestine

A
  • circular folds
  • villi
  • microvilli
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17
Q

processes the small intestine performs

A
  • propulsion
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • nutrient absorption
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18
Q

structural adaptations of the large intestine

A
  • epithelium rich in mucus to ease passage of faeces

- protect from acids + gases

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19
Q

processes the large intestine performs

A
  • absorption (water + electrolytes)
  • propulsion
  • chemical digestion
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20
Q

list the layers of the tissues of digestive system (4)

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
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21
Q

mucosa

A
  • innermost layer
  • rich in secretory cells
  • capillaries for absorption
  • smooth muscle layer
  • lymphoid follicles for immunity
  • secrete, absorb, protect
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22
Q

submucosa

A
  • external to mucosa
  • stretch + recoil
  • vessels for absorption, and transport of lipids
  • lymphoid tissue for immunity
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23
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • surrounds submucosa
  • inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle
  • inner circular = sphincters to control passage of food
  • responsible for peristalsis, segmentation
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24
Q

serosa

A
  • outermost layer
  • protects digestive tract
  • anchors tract within peritoneal cavity
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25
Q

3 factors of the mucosal barrier

A
  1. bicarbonate rich fluid under insoluble mucus
  2. mucosal epithelial cells
  3. damaged mucosal epithelial cells shed + replace
26
Q

what do gastric pits produce

A
  • HCI
  • Pepsin
  • Mucus
  • Hormones
27
Q

structural divisions of the small intestine (3)

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
28
Q

duodenum

A

curls around pancreas

  • receives bile + pancreatic juice for chemical digestion
29
Q

jejunum

A
  • mechanical and chemical digestion

- absorption

30
Q

ileum

A

ends at large intestine

31
Q

nutrient absorption - circular folds

A
  • deep folds of mucosa + submucosa

- slows movement of chyme to increase absorption

32
Q

nutrient absorption - villi

A
  • finger like
  • absorptive epithelial cells
  • capillary bed + lacteal
33
Q

nutrient absorption - microvilli

A
  • densely packed villi on surface of epithelial cells = brush border
34
Q

what do brush border enzymes complete the digestion of

A
  • carbs
  • proteins
  • nucleic acid
35
Q

defection reflex

A
  1. stretch of rectal walls
  2. spinal reflex initiated
  3. voluntary motor neurons allowing external anal sphincter to relax
36
Q

role of enteric flora of the large intestine

A
  • metabolises mucus

- synthesizes vitamin B + K

37
Q

what does saliva help to digest

A
  • carbs

- bolus forms

38
Q

function of bile

A

emulsifies fats

produced by liver + stalled in gall bladder

39
Q

function of pancreatic juice

A

alkaline to neutralise chyme, containing enzymes

40
Q

what does pepsin digest + its location

A
  • proteins

- located in stomach

41
Q

what does pancreatic amylases digest + its location

A
  • carbs

- duodenum

42
Q

what does pancreatic proteases digest + its location

A
  • proteins

- duodenum

43
Q

what does pancreatic lipases digest and its location

A
  • lipids

- small intestine

44
Q

what does pancreatic nucleases digest + its location

A
  • nucleic acid

- small intestine

45
Q

define metabolism

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism

46
Q

define anabolism

A

the reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones

47
Q

define catabolism

A

reactions that break down complex structures into smaller ones

48
Q

metabolic rate

A

the energy the body uses to drive metabolsim

49
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the energy the body uses to perform only essential activities

50
Q

cellular respiration

A

biochemical processes that lead to the production of ATP

51
Q

glycolysis

A
  • anaerobic

- 1 molecule broken in half to become 2 (pyruvate)

52
Q

tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)

A
  • occurs in mitochondria

- pyruvate converted into energy

53
Q

electron transport chain

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • aerobic
  • H+ ions produced by TCA cycle = chemical reactions = ATP
54
Q

Metabolism - Absorptive state

A

when nutrients are in abundance (during and for after 4 hours of eating) anabolism exceeds catabolism and nutrients are stored

55
Q

Absorptive State - Glucose - Immediate and excess use

A

Immediate: produces ATP
Excess: glycogen - stored in liver and skeletal muscles

56
Q

Absorptive State - Amino Acids - immediate and excess use

A

Immediate: protein synthesis + produces ATP if necessary
Excess: converted to trigylicerides

57
Q

Absorptive state - Glycerol & fatty Acids - Immediate & Excess Use

A

Immediate : produce ATP if needed

Excess: stored as triglycerides

58
Q

Metabolism - Post Absorptive State

A

when no food is being digested + body reserves must be broken down to provide nutrients; catabolism exceeds anabolism

59
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver + skeletal muscles

60
Q

gluconeogensis

A

production of new glucose

61
Q

which hormone is used to maintain fasting blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

BMA - Exam Semester 2 (11 decks)

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