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BMSC 210 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

Control of Microbes and Public Health

1
Q

strategies for control on inanimate objects (3)

A

sterilization
disinfection
sanitization

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2
Q

sterilization

A

elimination of ALL vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

reduction/destruction of microbial load

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4
Q

Sanitization

A

reducing microbial loads to a safe public health level

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5
Q

microbial control methods for living tissue (2)

A

antisepsis
degerming

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6
Q

Antisepsis

A

reduced microbial loads with antimicrobial chemicals

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7
Q

degerming

A

reduces microbial load by scrubbing and mild chemicals

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8
Q

physical method classes for control (2)

A

heat and radiation

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9
Q

heat treatment options (7)

A

boiling
dry heat
oven
incinerator
flame
pasteurization
autoclave

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10
Q

autoclave

A

sterilize by cooking at 121C for 15+minutes

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11
Q

radiation

A

damages DNA causing things to die off
less effective over time
can be ionizing or non ionizing

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12
Q

ionizing radiation

A

alters melecular structures through x or gamma rays

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13
Q

non ionizing radiation

A

mutations due to UV light exposure

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14
Q

how do heat and high pressure reduce populations

A

killing

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15
Q

how do cold, hyperbaric, and desiccation reduce population

A

by controlling growth

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16
Q

mechanical filtration

A

done with the use of filters

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17
Q

HEPA filtration

A

physically remove microbes from the air
pore size 0.3um

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18
Q

membrane filtration

A

removed microbes from liquid
pore size 0.2um

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19
Q

gas chemical control methods

A

sterilization
disinfection

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20
Q

liquid chemical control methods

A

chemotherapy
antisepsis
disinfection
sterilization

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21
Q

-static

A

stop growth, no kill

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22
Q

-cidal

A

kills

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23
Q

-lytic

A

lyses

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24
Q

disc diffusion

A

assesses susceptibility by looking at how much is killed around the antimicrobial sample

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25
Q

how to calculate kill efficacy

A

9s = #0s

99.9%=1000 microbes

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26
Q

what does toxicity towards host depend on?

A

dosage and route

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27
Q

broad spectrum

A

indiscriminate killing
many different groups
target cell wall

28
Q

narrow spectrum

A

kills specific groups

29
Q

antibiotics

A

chemicals that kill bacteria or prevent growth

30
Q

target: penicillin binding proteins, peptidoglycan subunits

A

Mode: inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

31
Q

target: 30S + 50S ribosomal subunits

A

Mode: inhibit biosynthesis of proteins

32
Q

target: LPPS, inner and outer membrane

A

mode: disrupt membranes

33
Q

Target: RNA and DNA

A

mode: inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

34
Q

target: folic and mycolic acid synthesis enzyme

A

mode: antimetabolites

35
Q

taget: mycobacterial ATP synthesis

A

mode: Mycobacterial adenosine triphosphate synthase inhibitor

36
Q

classes of protein synthesis inhibiting antibacterials (5)

A

chloramphenical
macrolides
lincosamides
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines

37
Q

linosamides

A

prevent peptide bond formation, stop synthesis

38
Q

animogylcosides

A

impare proofreading, faultry proteins

39
Q

tetracyclines

A

block binding to tRNAs, inhibit synthesis

40
Q

mechanisms of antifungal drugs (4)

A

inhibiting ergosterol synthesis
bind to ergosterol to create pores disrupting membrane
inhibit cell wall synthesis
inhibit microtubules and cell division

41
Q

mechanisms of antiviral drugs

A

nucleoside analogue inhibition
inhibit escape of virus from endosomes
inhibit neuraminidase
inhibit viral uncoating
inhibit protease
inhibit integrase
inhibit membrane fusion

42
Q

Efficacy

A

how fast/much it kills

43
Q

susceptibility

A

concentration required to kill

44
Q

ways to become antibiotic resistant (4)

A

efflux pump
blocked penetration
target modification
inactivate enzymes

45
Q

ways to overcome resisitance

A

overproduction of target
production of alternate enzymes
target mimicry

46
Q

epidemiology

A

study of occurrence, distribution, and determinants of public health and disease in a population
goal is to identify nature and transmission of disease

47
Q

public health

A

health of the population worldwide

48
Q

public health measures

A

slow or stop disease to maintain public health

49
Q

mortality

A

incidence of death in a population

50
Q

mobidity

A

incidence of disease in a population

51
Q

DALY

A

disability adjusted life year
disease burden in terms of lost years due to disease, disability, premature death
- effect on morbidity

52
Q

prevalance

A

total cases at a given time

53
Q

incidence

A

total new cased in a given time

54
Q

epidemic

A

large number in a population but localized and narrow (not global)

55
Q

pandemic

A

widespread and worldwide disease

56
Q

endemic

A

constantly present in a population, reservoir presence

57
Q

reservoir
(for animal, environmental, and human pathogens)

A

normal habitat of an infectious microbe
animal = zoonotic
environmental = sapronosis
human = human or orzoanthroponosis

58
Q

Contact tramsmission

A

direct: physical contact between host and potential
indirect: via intermediate (vehicle, fomite, vector)

59
Q

droplet transmission

A

<1m from source
large droplets on respiratory secretion settle on surface

60
Q

airborne transmission

A

> 1m from source
microbes released into air and freely float and attach to dust particles and move with air currents

61
Q

how to eliminate reservoirs (3 sectors)

A

animal: immunize or slaughter
environmental: decontaminate or avoid contact
human: identify, isolate, treat

62
Q

how to limit availability of new hosts

A

improve living conditions, general health, nutrition
make immune system stronger (vaccinate)

63
Q

how to block routes of transmission

A

indirect- clean, prevent contamination, remove vectors
airborne: flow systems to prevent dispersal
droplet/direct: wash hands, barriers

64
Q

swiss cheese model

A

multiple layers working to slow transmission

65
Q

why cant some infections be eliminated(4)

A

infection cycle variation (asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic)
vaccine compliance
reservoirs
social pressures

66
Q

purposes of public health measures (3)

A

decrease morbidity and mortality
decrease prevalence and incidence
increase overall public health

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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