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BMSC 210 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

Host microbe interactions

1
Q

Commensal

A

host provides shelter/environment for bacteria (benefit bacteria)

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2
Q

Mutualistic

A

mutual benefit

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3
Q

Pathogenic

A

damages host

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4
Q

microbiome

A

functional collection of different microbes in a system

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5
Q

microbiota

A

community of microorganisms present in a habitat

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6
Q

Metagenomic

A

genetic material in a given environment

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7
Q

colonization

A

microbes present and grow on non sterile external body surface

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8
Q

basic steps to infection

A

enters body sites, overgrows, induces immune response

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9
Q

disease

A

damages caused by infection

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10
Q

normal microbiota

A

total microbial population associated with a human
mainly bacteria
10^13 human cells + 10^14 bacteria cells

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11
Q

different classes of microbes and explain

A

transient: short term, highly variable, high external influence
resident: long term, stable, limited external influence

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12
Q

functions of micrbiota

A

digest nutrients
provide nutrition
educate/prime host defenses
colonization resistance

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13
Q

how is microbiota esablished

A

at birth by feeding

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14
Q

how is microbiota unstabilized

A

hormone fluctuations during puberty

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15
Q

factors in microbiota development

A

drivers(host and microbiota)
microbe-microbe interactions
habitat filtering

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16
Q

skin microbiome (3)

A

low diversity (dry and salty)
transient populations on surfaces, resident in pores
mostly commensal, some mutualistic

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17
Q

respiratory tract microbiome (4)

A

site specific composition
oral cavity: biofilm communities
nasal and upper: similar to skin/mouth
lower: few transient

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18
Q

genito-urinary microbiome

A

urine is sterile, first 1cm of urethra has transient
vaginal has non specific defenses, acidic

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19
Q

intentional microbiota alteration

A

fecal transplant
probiotics
prophylactic antibiotics
antispetics

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20
Q

intestinal microbiome

A

highest populations and great diversity
mutualistic
composition impacted by diet

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21
Q

unintentional microbiota alteration

A

dysbiosis from antibiotic use

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22
Q

FMT cure rate and use

A

60-90% cure rate
only used to combat recurring C diff
works by creating competition not wiping out

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23
Q

probiotic

A

living microorganisms for competitive exclusion

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24
Q

prebiotics

A

nutrients to help out microbes

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25
Q

symbiotics

A

mix of pre and probiotics

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26
Q

original koch postualte

A

suspect causative agent not in healthy
suspect must be isolated, grown, and put into organism to test

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27
Q

issues with koch postulate original

A

not designed for virus
does not account for asymptomatic carriers
no longer ethical to deliberately infect

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28
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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29
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

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30
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose

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31
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose

32
Q

periods of disease

A

incubation
prodromal (general signs)
illness (severe symptoms)
decline
convalesence

33
Q

stages of pathogenicity (list)

A

exposure
adhesion
invasion
disease
transmission

34
Q

exposure

A

mode of transmission varies with portal of entry

35
Q

adhesion

A

capability of microbe to attach to cell
works with adhesins that bind to certain receptors on host and form biofilm

36
Q

bacteria adhesins

A

fibrae, capsules

37
Q

protozoa adhesin

A

cilia

38
Q

virus adhesins

A

capsid
spike proteins

39
Q

invasion

A

dissemination in local tissue using exoenzymes and toxins

40
Q

disease

A

successful multiplication

41
Q

local disease

A

small near entry port

42
Q

focal disease

A

spread to secondary location

43
Q

systemic disease

A

disseminated, lesions not at site of entry)

44
Q

transmission

A

required for success

45
Q

molecular koch posulates

A

-gene is pathogenic members of species
-inactivating/deleting gene decreases virulence
-reversion or allelic replacement can bring back pathogenicity

46
Q

how do pathogens damage

A

inject effectors and reprogram cell
enzymes distryo/affect tissue integrity
produce toxins

47
Q

exoenzymes

A

act as spreading (invading) factors

48
Q

intoxication

A

ingest toxin, rapid (1-12hrs)

49
Q

infection

A

bacteria, delayed (12-72hrs)

50
Q

endotoxins

A

part of bacterial structure
released by lysis

51
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted proteins

52
Q

type 1 toxin

A

target cell surface, superantigens

53
Q

type 2 toxin

A

target euk cell membrane, pore forming

54
Q

type 3 toxin

A

AB type toxin

55
Q

how do superantigens cause damage

A

entering blood stream, forming cytokine storm,

56
Q

what are membrane disrupting toxins, how do they work

A

kill host cells (phagocytes) and escape phagosome
1. form channel/pore, water rushes in lysing cell
2. attack phospholipids cleaving head

57
Q

functional subunits of AB toxin

A

A subunit-toxic enzymatic activity
B subunit- bind to receptor carries A

58
Q

single peptide AB toxin

A

gram positive

59
Q

multiple peptide AB toxin

A

gram negative

60
Q

ADP ribosyltransferase

A

targets NAD+

61
Q

genotoxin

A

targets host DNA

62
Q

deaminases

A

target rRNA

63
Q

botulism toxin

A

flaccid paralysis
stops muscle contration

64
Q

tetanus toxin

A

uncontrollable contraction
spastic paralysis

65
Q

options for pathogen invasion

A

camouflage
disguise
resistance

66
Q

camouflage

A

coating surface with host proteins, host mimicry

67
Q

disguises

A

change structures on cell surface
antigenic variation, phase variation, epigenetic variation, LPS modification

68
Q

resistance

A

vary LPS length (longer is harder for host to attack)
capsule
surface enzymes

69
Q

influenzavirus (disease, adhesin, attachment site)

A

influenza
hemagglutinin
sialic acid of respiratory and intestinal cells

70
Q

herpes simplex virus 1 or 2 (disease, adhesin, attachment site)

A

oral/genital herpes
glycoprotein: gB, gC, gD
heparan sulfate on mouth/genital mucosal cells

71
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (disease, adhesin, attachment site)

A

HIV/AIDS
glycoprotein: gp120
CD4, CCR5 of immune system cells

72
Q

mycotoxicoses

A

poisoning due to consumption of fungal metabolic product

73
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

fungal infection on outermost layers
spreads through direct contact

74
Q

subcutaneous mycoses

A

fungal infection of skin and SQ tissues
affects pre existing wounds

75
Q

systemic mycoses

A

fungal infection of internal organs
start airborne and spread
very severe to fatal

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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