Module 1

Question 1

what is Microbiology

Answer 1

study of microorganisms not visible to the naked eye

Question 2

4 influences of microbiology

Answer 2

oxygen production
food chain
disease and health
biotech and industry

Question 3

traditional knowledge of microbes

Answer 3

oral knowledge helping to discover rainy seasons leading to spotted fever

Question 4

traditional medicine of microbes example

Answer 4

mouldy bread to heal wounds

Question 5

traditional infrastructure examples of microbes

Answer 5

aqueducts and sewage

Question 6

how is traditional microbe knowledge explained

Answer 6

magic, evil spirits, miasma
depending on time period and region

Question 7

Marcus Terentius Varro

Answer 7

proposed that things we cannot see cause disease

Question 8

Miasma theory

Answer 8

infectious diseases were caused by bad air (miasma) from rotting organic matter
lead to spontaneous generation theory

Question 9

spontaneous generation theory

Answer 9

living organisms arise from non living
ex) maggots from rotting flesh

Question 10

Robert Hooke

Answer 10

studied first fruiting structures in mould
wrote micrographia

Question 11

Antonie van Leevwenhoek

Answer 11

observed bacteria using the simple microscope

Question 12

Louis Pasteur

Answer 12

studied fermentation, pasteurization and vaccination

Question 13

Robert Koch

Answer 13

discovered link between disease and microbes along with lab techniques

Question 14

Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 14

microorganisms and cross feeding (bacterial interacting in a closed system)

Question 15

why are viruses left off the tree of life

Answer 15

lack ribosomal RNA

Question 16

16S microbes

Answer 16

prokaryotic

Question 17

18S microbes

Answer 17

eukaryotic

Question 18

eukarya arose as a

Answer 18

secondary branch from asgard in the archaea domain

Question 19

how to name cellular life (8 components)

Answer 19

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 20

what naming components are italicized

Answer 20

genus and species

Question 21

what naming convention shows relation

Answer 21

similar genus

Question 22

important parameters of microscopy

Answer 22

resolution
magnification
contrast

Question 23

magnification

Answer 23

enlarges images
ocular lens x objective lens

Question 24

resolution

Answer 24

distinguishes adjacent objects
limited due to light source wavelength

Question 25

image sharpness=

Answer 25

resolution and contrast

Question 26

contrast

Answer 26

difference in brightness between objects

Question 27

disadvantages of brightfield

Answer 27

lacks high contrast resolution
not effective unless stained

Question 28

steps to simple staining

Answer 28

fixing (heat)
adding stain
rinse sample (remove excess)

Question 29

what charge is basic stain (crystal violet) attracted to

Answer 29

negatively charged microbes

Question 30

what charge is acid stain(rose bengal) attracted to

Answer 30

positively changed molecules

Question 31

what is a positive stain

Answer 31

basic and acid stains that stain the cells and not the surroundings

Question 32

what is the trait of a negative stain

Answer 32

stains surroundings not cell

Question 33

steps to gram positive staining and results

Answer 33

-crystal violet (both purple)
-iodine (fix stain)
-alcohol(remove stain from cells with layer to protect cell wall gram negative)
-safranin added
Gram negative pink Gram positive Purple

Question 34

steps to acid fast staining

Answer 34

-carbon fuchsin (stains both)
-alcohol(decolourizes acid fast negative)
-methylene blue(stains acid fast negative)
positive fuchsia negative blue

Question 35

use of capsule stains

Answer 35

2 stains used one for cell one for capsule

Question 36

darkfield microscopy

Answer 36

bright object on dark background
light bounces off rather than passing through
increased resolution in living samples and observation of motility

Question 37

phase contrast microscopy

Answer 37

alters properties of light creating an annular ring
bright glow on dark background
better resolution and contrast in living samples
visualize organelles(endospores)
can use without dye for living samples

Question 38

fluorescence microscopy

Answer 38

fluorochrome dye added (doesnt kill)

Question 39

electron microscopy

Answer 39

higher resolution
dead samples
better for small viruses