Module 1 Flashcards
An Introduction to Microbiology
what is Microbiology
study of microorganisms not visible to the naked eye
4 influences of microbiology
oxygen production
food chain
disease and health
biotech and industry
traditional knowledge of microbes
oral knowledge helping to discover rainy seasons leading to spotted fever
traditional medicine of microbes example
mouldy bread to heal wounds
traditional infrastructure examples of microbes
aqueducts and sewage
how is traditional microbe knowledge explained
magic, evil spirits, miasma
depending on time period and region
Marcus Terentius Varro
proposed that things we cannot see cause disease
Miasma theory
infectious diseases were caused by bad air (miasma) from rotting organic matter
lead to spontaneous generation theory
spontaneous generation theory
living organisms arise from non living
ex) maggots from rotting flesh
Robert Hooke
studied first fruiting structures in mould
wrote micrographia
Antonie van Leevwenhoek
observed bacteria using the simple microscope
Louis Pasteur
studied fermentation, pasteurization and vaccination
Robert Koch
discovered link between disease and microbes along with lab techniques
Sergei Winogradsky
microorganisms and cross feeding (bacterial interacting in a closed system)
why are viruses left off the tree of life
lack ribosomal RNA
16S microbes
prokaryotic
18S microbes
eukaryotic
eukarya arose as a
secondary branch from asgard in the archaea domain
how to name cellular life (8 components)
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
what naming components are italicized
genus and species
what naming convention shows relation
similar genus
important parameters of microscopy
resolution
magnification
contrast
magnification
enlarges images
ocular lens x objective lens
resolution
distinguishes adjacent objects
limited due to light source wavelength
image sharpness=
resolution and contrast
contrast
difference in brightness between objects
disadvantages of brightfield
lacks high contrast resolution
not effective unless stained
steps to simple staining
fixing (heat)
adding stain
rinse sample (remove excess)
what charge is basic stain (crystal violet) attracted to
negatively charged microbes
what charge is acid stain(rose bengal) attracted to
positively changed molecules
what is a positive stain
basic and acid stains that stain the cells and not the surroundings
what is the trait of a negative stain
stains surroundings not cell
steps to gram positive staining and results
-crystal violet (both purple)
-iodine (fix stain)
-alcohol(remove stain from cells with layer to protect cell wall gram negative)
-safranin added
Gram negative pink Gram positive Purple
steps to acid fast staining
-carbon fuchsin (stains both)
-alcohol(decolourizes acid fast negative)
-methylene blue(stains acid fast negative)
positive fuchsia negative blue
use of capsule stains
2 stains used one for cell one for capsule
darkfield microscopy
bright object on dark background
light bounces off rather than passing through
increased resolution in living samples and observation of motility
phase contrast microscopy
alters properties of light creating an annular ring
bright glow on dark background
better resolution and contrast in living samples
visualize organelles(endospores)
can use without dye for living samples
fluorescence microscopy
fluorochrome dye added (doesnt kill)
electron microscopy
higher resolution
dead samples
better for small viruses
