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BMSC 210 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

Viruses

1
Q

when were viruses first identified
with what disease

A

1892
tobacco mosaic disease

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2
Q

5 characteristics of viruses

A

genetic element in protein shell (capsid)
DNA or RNA not both
double, single stranded
segmented or non segmented
naked or enveloped

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3
Q

why are viruses not considered to be living

A

do not have cellular components/metabolism
fully dependent on host for energy and protein synthesis

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4
Q

name of the extracellular form of a virus

A

viron

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5
Q

type of microscopy to see viruses

A

TEM

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6
Q

viral genome components

A

dna or rna
1000-2.5 mega base pairs
7-1000 proteins

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7
Q

capsid

A

made up of 1 or more protein subunits called capsomeres
can be self assembling or require host involvement

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8
Q

2 primary symmetrical shapes of viruses

A

rod with helical symmetry
spherical with icosahedral symmetry

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9
Q

what is width and length dependent on in helical symmetry

A

width: size/packaging of capsomeres
length: nucleic acid strand length

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10
Q

icosahedral symmetry geometry

A

20 triangular faces and 12 vertices
simple and most effective assembly

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11
Q

example of a complex virus shape

A

icosahedral head with helical tail
complex means no symmetry

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12
Q

naked virus components

A

capsid
nucleic acids

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13
Q

enveloped virus components

A

membrane
capsid
nucleic acids

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14
Q

how are phospholipid layers derived in viruses

A

from host during exocytosis

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15
Q

fibrils

A

peptidoglycan like polymers on amoeba viruses

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16
Q

spike proteins

A

on the surface of viruses
one type to bind
one type to release

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17
Q

enzymes in bacteriophages

A

lysozyme like
cut away enzyme to get new DNA in

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18
Q

enzymes in RNA viruses

A

replicate RNA without template

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19
Q

enzyme in retroviruses

A

reverse transcriptase (RNA–>DNA)

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20
Q

why are viruses not on the tree of life

A

they do not have rRNA

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21
Q

writing virus names

A

species is italic
viral is not italic

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22
Q

name of virus classification system

A

baltimore classification

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23
Q

factors affecting how a virus infects a host

A

host
baltimore classification
type (naked/enveloped)

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24
Q

process of phage infecting bacteria (five)

A

attachment (binding to specific surface receptors)
penetration (viral DNA enters host cell)
biosynthesis (phage DNA replicates, phage proteins are made)
maturation (new phage particles assembling)
lysis (cell lyses releasing baby phages)

25
Q

steps of a one step growth curve (three)

A

inoculation (binding)
eclipse ( virions penetrate the cell)
burst (host cell releases viral particles)

26
Q

burst size

A

number of virions released per bacterium

27
Q

what type of viruses exhibit a one step growth curve

A

lytic viruses as they lyse out all at once

28
Q

gram + receptors

A

flagellum
PIP
CWPS
LTA
WTA

29
Q

gram - receptors

A

flagellum
pili
porin
LPS
CPS
EPS

30
Q

infection process of temperate phages into bacteria (four decriptive steps)

A

phage infects bacteria
phage DNA incorporated
cell divides and passes on incorporated DNA
prophage DNA is excized under stress so it can spread

31
Q

what is a lysogen

A

bacteria with a phage integrated into its bacterial genome or as a plasmid

32
Q

what is lysogenic/phage conversion

A

phage changes the bacteria’s (lysogen’s) phenotype

33
Q

viral infection of eukaryotes process (six steps)

A

attachment (virus binds to target cell)
penetration (cell engulfs virus through endocytosis)
uncoating (viral content is released inside the cell)
biosynthesis (viral RNA enters nucleus, replicated)
assembly (new phage particles made)
release (viral particles are released without killing the cell)

34
Q

lytic infection

A

cell must be lysed to release

35
Q

types of persistent infection, describe

A

latent-virus is dormant and reactive to stimuli
chronic-virus is not eliminated, continuous production

36
Q

types of cancer infections, describe

A

direct-inactivation of safeties
indirect- chronic infection

37
Q

antigenic drift

A

change in some of the spike proteins

38
Q

antigenic shift

A

combination of two viruses spike proteins to make a new virus

39
Q

how do viruses acquire their envelopes

A

during the release phage while budding off

40
Q

in order to grow viruses you need

A

living host cell
host cell type that support infection (receptor)
conditions to grow host
quantification of virus (plaque for lytic virus)

41
Q

plaque is only found

A

in lytic viruses

42
Q

how to quantify number of viral genome in a cell without a microscope

A

qPCR

43
Q

in DNA the positive strand is
the negative strand is

A

+: sequence=mRNA, cant be translated
-: sequance to use as a template to make an mRNA sequence

44
Q

in RNA the positive strand is
the negative strand is

A

+: template for translation
-:cannot be template

45
Q

in DNA you need ___ strand to make mRNA

A

negative

46
Q

in RNA you need ___ strand to make protein

A

positive

47
Q

BC1

A

double stranded DNA virus

48
Q

BC2

A

single stranded DNA virus

49
Q

BC3

A

double stranded RNA virus

50
Q

BC4

A

positive sense RNA virus

51
Q

BC5

A

negative sense RNA virus

52
Q

BC6

A

reverse transcribing RNA viruses

53
Q

dsDNA virus processes

A

go through replication
go through transcription (neg temp, pos mRNA), translation

54
Q

ss DNA virus process

A

must replicate first
then can replicate or go through transcr and transla

55
Q

dsRNA virus process

A

go through replication
go through transcr, transla

56
Q

+ sense RNA virus process

A

pos strand replicates, replicates again
pos strand can go through translation

57
Q

-ve sense RNA virus process

A

neg strand can replicate x2
neg stand can transcribe then translate

58
Q

reverse transcribing RNA virus process

A

goes through reverse transcription then replication
after, it can replicate or go through transcr and transla

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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