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BMSC 210 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

From Genome to Protein

1
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

theorized one gene one polypeptide

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2
Q

when was DNA discovered?
identified as the molecule of inheritance?

A

1800s
1950S

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3
Q

what was the Avery, Macleod, McCarty experiment

A

when DNA has been degraded, cells do not develop

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4
Q

hershey chase experiment

A

2 phages identified with 2 different markers
(1 on protein coat 1 on dna)
when phages infect bacteria only the dna marker is passed on

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5
Q

______ is responsible for heredity

A

pellet
35S

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6
Q

characteristics of DNA

A

Deoxynucleotide 5’ triphosphare
free hydroxyl group
links 5’-3’
double helix structure running antiparallel (complementary)
can be denatured

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7
Q

does DNA itself have structural organization?
explain

A

no
dna is organized into chromosomes

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8
Q

how do chromosomes pack in bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

A

bacteria: supercoiled by topoisomerase
Eukaryotes: histone proteins
archaea: supercoiled and histone proteins

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9
Q

extrachromosomal DNA

A

codes for non essential functions (toxic pathogens)
packed into mitochondrion and chloroplasts

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10
Q

DNA replication process is

A

semiconservative

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11
Q

location of origin bacteria/euk

A

one in bact
multiple in euk

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12
Q

consequence of bidirectional replication

A

creating leading/lagging strands, okazaki fragments, discontinuous fragments, and need for 2 DNA polymerases to attach to the replisome

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13
Q

DNA Poly 1

A

removes RNA primer, replaces with newly synthesized DNA

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14
Q

DNA poly 3

A

main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction

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15
Q

helicase

A

opens helix by breaking H bonds

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16
Q

Ligase

A

seals gaps in okazaki fragments

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17
Q

primase

A

synthesizes RNA primers to start replication

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18
Q

SSBP

A

bind to single strand DNA to prevent H bonds with itself

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19
Q

Sliding clamp

A

holds DNA poly 3 as nucleotides are added

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20
Q

Topoisomerase 2

A

relaxes supercoiled chromosomes

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21
Q

Topoisomerase 4

A

breaks chromosomes and releases from eachother then reseals DNA

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22
Q

transcription start and direction

A

5’-3’ direction with no primer needed (RNA polymerase instead)

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23
Q

result of transcription

A

RNA which is antiparallel and complementary to the original DNA template strand

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24
Q

promoter regions

A

specific regions in DNA sequence that promote/initiate transcription

25
Q

sigma factors

A

in promoter regions
bacteria have more than one to regulate transcription and respond to environmental changes

26
Q

non template strand =

A

coding strand

27
Q

stem loop

A

inverted loop where RNA poly pauses and stops

28
Q

Rho dependent

A

termination site where Rho causes RNA to release

29
Q

wobble positions

A

codons that code for the same AA

30
Q

how is ribosomal RNA measured
prok and euk

A

coefficient of sedimentation
prok 70S
euk 80S

31
Q

relation between tRNA and DNA sequence

A

will be exactly the same with U intead of T on the RNA

32
Q

A site

A

acceptor

33
Q

P site

A

peptide, building as reading the condons

34
Q

E site

A

exit, let go of read condons

35
Q

how is translation initiated

A

by the start condon

36
Q

ribosomes
pro and euk

A

pro: 70S (30S+50S)
euk: 80S (40S+60S)

37
Q

Amino acid carried by initiator tRNA
pro and euk

A

pro: fMET
euk: MET

38
Q

Shine Dalgarno
pro and euk

A

Pro: present
Euk: absent

39
Q

is transcription and translation simultaneous in pro and euk

A

pro: yes
euk: no

40
Q

how is transcription regulated

A

genetic regulation by control of mRNA production

41
Q

how is RNA production regualted

A

control mRNA stability and translation

42
Q

how is protein production regulated

A

by controlling protein activity

43
Q

chaperones

A

energy dependent process undergoing folding and refolding to add cofactors and help secretion

44
Q

how to stop transcription

A

regulators bind to promoter or operator region

45
Q

processes of genetic regulation and why

A

genes with essential functions are expressed first
genes are only expressed in needed conditions
done to control amount of protein produced

46
Q

transcription factor activators

A

turn on expression
recruit RNA polymerases/sigma factors

47
Q

how to repress transcription factors

A

bind to promoter regions
turn off expression
block polymerase/sigma factor binding

48
Q

Activator CAP

A

does not bind to promoter until it is coupled with cAMP to form the cAMP-CAP complex
cAMP is the inducer

49
Q

substrate repressor

A

repressor wont bind to block until it is coupled with a substrate (trp)

50
Q

de repression enzymes

A

sit blocking RNA poly until substrate binds in which is removed itself

51
Q

how to increase production of a protein at a specific molecular signal

A

design an activator to target that signal region

52
Q

operon

A

1 promoter followed by many genes

53
Q

regulon

A

1 regulator (ie activator) with many promoter regions

54
Q

regulatory RNA

A

RNA that is not translated (sRNA)
40-400 nucleotides
from non template DNA stand

55
Q

mechanisms of sRNA activity

A

affect mRNA stability by protecting or targeting RNA degradation
block RBS to block translation
change secondary structure (a/B)

56
Q

change protein activity without affecting amount of mRNA or protein produced(3)

A

feedback inhibition, post translation modification, protein sequestration

57
Q

regulation of protein activity

A

inhibit feedback inhibition
change enzymatic activity (post translation modification)
remove the protein (sequestration= another bind to block, degradation=destroy to prevent pathway)

58
Q

how do 2 component regulatory systems work

A

sensor kinase and a response regulator
feedback loop is regulated by activating/inactivating with a phosphate

59
Q
A

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

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