Module 3

Question 1

Spontaneous generation

Answer 1

life arises from non living matter

Question 2

Francesco Redi

Answer 2

provided experimental data against spontaneous generation

Question 3

Louis Pasteur

Answer 3

proved life only comes from life using the swan neck flask

Question 4

Robert Hooke

Answer 4

observed and coined the term cells

Question 5

7 statements of cell theory

Answer 5

living are made from one or more cells
fundamental components of life
arise from pre existing cells
organism activity depends on cell activity
energy flow occurs within a cell
cells contain DNA and RNA
similar species have similar cellular compositions

Question 6

who was the endosymbiotic theory proposed and revived by

Answer 6

konstantin mereschkowski
lynn margulis

Question 7

what does the endosymbiotic theory state

Answer 7

fusion of prokaryotes with ancestral bacteria gave prokaryotes mitochondria

Question 8

prokaryotes include what two groups
what is the defining feature

Answer 8

bacteria and archaea
not inclosed nucleus

Question 9

coccus

Answer 9

round

Question 10

bacillus

Answer 10

rod

Question 11

vibro

Answer 11

curved rod

Question 12

coccobacillus

Answer 12

short rod

Question 13

spirillum

Answer 13

spiral

Question 14

spirochete

Answer 14

long loose spiral

Question 15

diplo-

Answer 15

pair

Question 16

tetra-

Answer 16

4 in a square

Question 17

strepto-

Answer 17

chain

Question 18

staphylo-

Answer 18

cluster

Question 19

inclusions and compartments (2)

Answer 19

in prokaryotes
condensed areas of energy, gas

Question 20

Endospore (3)

Answer 20

in gram positive
not metabolically active therefore resistant to killing
spores form inside the cell then lyse out for germination

Question 21

cell envelope

Answer 21

layers around the cytoplasm with diverse functions

Question 22

Bacteria and Eukarya membrane (3)

Answer 22

phospholipid bilayer
tail and head
ester linkages

Question 23

archaea membrane (3)

Answer 23

bilayer or monolayer
sidechains
ether linkages

Question 24

simple diffusion (4)

Answer 24

small and uncharged molecules
linear rate of diffusion (no saturation point)
inefficient for bacteria
ex)glycerol, h2o, o2

Question 25

facilitated diffusion (3)

Answer 25

concentration gradient dependent
more efficient
limited based on channel properties

Question 26

active transport (3)

Answer 26

energy to move against the concentration gradient
carrier proteins used
can be saturated

Question 27

coupled active transport (2)

Answer 27

antiport or symport
uses proton motor force and concentration gradients

Question 28

ABC transporters

Answer 28

must have protein bound to a substrate to enter the cell

Question 29

Group translocation (2)

Answer 29

phosphate transfer allows for sugar transport
energy from high energy phosphates

Question 30

bacterial cell walls provide (2)

Answer 30

rigidity to maintain cell shape
prevent osmotic lysis

Question 31

peptidoglycan layer when it comes to gram bacteria

Answer 31

positive thick
negative thin + outer membrane

Question 32

why is peptidoglycan layer missing in gram negative bacteria

Answer 32

missing pentapeptide sugar

Question 33

sugars in bacteria

Answer 33

NAG and NAM

Question 34

sugars in archaea
what is special?

Answer 34

NAG and NAT
making pseudomurin which is resistant to lysozyme

Question 35

Eukaryote cell wall composition options

Answer 35

cellulose or chitin

Question 36

lysozymes

Answer 36

defense mechanisms in animals which target bacteria due to their cell wall sugar composition

Question 37

lipopolysaccharides

Answer 37

in the envelope around gram negative bacteria only
provide attachment, mechanical strength, immune invasion, and protection
endotoxin causing spesis

Question 38

Deep branching bacteria

Answer 38

stain gram negative but do not have LPS so are not truley gram negative

Question 39

S Layer (3)

Answer 39

protein mesh layer on archaea and some bacteria
archaea: cell wall, protects against osmotic lysis, cell shape
bacteria: protection and adhesion

Question 40

capsule/slime layer (2)

Answer 40

sticky polysaccharide layer
attachment, biofilm, protection, adhesion

Question 41

capsule

Answer 41

tight matrix strongly attached to the cell

Question 42

slime layer

Answer 42

easily deformed and loosely attached

Question 43

outermost layer of cell options (3)

Answer 43

s layer
capsule
slime layer

Question 44

pili vs fimbrae

Answer 44

pili are thin filaments with multiple functions while fimbrae are short pili used for attachment
both play roles in conjugation, twithcing motility, and pathogenicity

Question 45

flagellum (6)

Answer 45

thin protein appendages
rotational speeds of 1000 rpm
clockwise rotation = tumbling
counterclockwise rotation = running
made of flagellin
build at tip using proton motor force

Question 46

archaellum

Answer 46

smaller than flagella
solid not hollow
build at base by ATP

Question 47

twitching (3)

Answer 47

driven by ATP
type 4 pili
extend then pull

Question 48

gliding (3)

Answer 48

proton motor force
smooth and continuous
no external propulsion

Question 49

taxis

Answer 49

description of movement

Question 50

chemotaxis can be observed using

Answer 50

darkfield microscopy or pipette and plate

Question 51

different types of taxis (5)

Answer 51

osmo
hydro
photo
aero
magneto

Question 52

eukaryotic motility includes

Answer 52

swimming
flexile whip

Question 53

swimming

Answer 53

due to long flagella and short cilia

Question 54

flexile whip

Answer 54

microtubules in the cytoplasmic membrane powered by ATP