Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMSC 210 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

Genetics, evolution, and biotechnology

1
Q

how do bacteria acquire genetic diversity

A

evolution and adaptation via vertical and horizontal gene transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

new mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

gene exchange
acquisition
selfish genetic elements
conjugation(contact)
transduction(phages)
transformation(environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mutations

A

changes in nucleotide sequence which are heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mutations result in
can be ___,___,____

A

phenotype variation (behaviour/protein activity)
neutral (not observable)
beneficial (gain in function)
detrimental (loss of function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

error rate of replication

A

1 in every 10^-6 to 10^-7 base pairs
low is good
need some for evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

increasers of mutation rate

A

stresses (nutrient/environment)
mutagens (lab/natural)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non selectable mutations

A

neutral or detrimental
select by screening >10000 colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

replica plating

A

use velvet to stamp colonies onto a new medium to see which live or die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how to measure mutagenic potential

A

ames test
ability of a chemical to revert an auxotroph
inc colonies = incr mutagenic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

point mutations

A

changes in mRNA which can be substitution, deletion, insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

silent mutations

A

sub of third base of a codon changing wobble position not AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

missense mutations

A

sub the first or second base of a codon changing a single AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

non sense mutation

A

stop codon is coded prematurely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

indel mutation

A

insertion or deletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

frameshift mutation

A

removed 1-2 bases shifting the reading frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reversion

A

second mutation correcting the first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

revertant

A

phenotype that is being restored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transformation

A

genetic transfer of free DNA through cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

competent cells

A

take up DNA, maybe as food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

conjugation

A

genetic transfer requiring cell to cell contact (conjugative pili)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

plasmid +

A

cell that is the donor and gives genetic info in conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

plasmid -

A

cell that is the receptor of genetic info in conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

transduction

A

viral
phages pick up DNA and transfer dna to a new host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

generalized transduction

A

lytic phage
packing host DNA
defective phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

specialized transduction

A

temperate phages
host DNA near site of insertion is excised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

phage conversion

A

alteration of phenotype by prophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

implications of being prophage +

A

could make a harmless microbe pathenogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do prokaryotes defend themselves

A

mutating receptors
programmed cell death
phase exclusion (modified DNA to prevent replication)
restriction enzymes (endonucleases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CRISPR

A

seeks and destroys foreign nucleic acid sequences
allows for adaptive immunity based on previous infections
contains CAS proteins to degrade DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

evolution

A

change in heritable characteristics within a population over time
requires a change in genome and a process changing frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

evolution is NOT

A

survival of fittest
winner takes all process
progress towards improvement
slow and gradual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

homologue define and subclasses

A

share common ancestor
paralogue and orthologue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

paralogue

A

share ancestor
different functions
divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

orthologue

A

share ancestor
same functions
parallel evolution

36
Q

analogue

A

share no ancestors
have common function
convergent evolution

37
Q

genomic island

A

insertion of horizontally acquired gene clusters in the genome

38
Q

pathogenicity island

A

violence factor added to genomic island

39
Q

pangenome

A

collection of genes within 1 species
core genome + accessory genome

40
Q

core genome

A

genes present in all members

41
Q

accessory genome

A

extra genes present in some of the members

42
Q

only way to get new genes

A

horizontal gene transfer

43
Q

genetic drift

A

change in mutation frequency over time

44
Q

natural selection

A

survival of the fittest
one line repeatedly surviving over others

45
Q

bottleneck event

A

reduction in population size due to non selective event
natural disaster
new population is not representative of the old

46
Q

founder effect

A

new population being started by an unrepresentative group

47
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

coevolution between competing species
pressure to keep bringing ne DNA in

48
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

pressure on host to resist infection
pressure on pathogen to overcome defenses

49
Q

court jester hypothesis

A

competition has small impact
environment has large impact

50
Q

green beard effect

A

alike help eachother
kin recognition

51
Q

black queen hypothesis

A

natural selection drives genes lost
reductive evolution theory

52
Q

biotechnology

A

science of using living systems to benefit humankind

53
Q

recombinant DNA

A

form of genetic engineering of gluing DNA from multiple sources together into a sequence

54
Q

cloning plasmids

A

use vectors to carry DNA fragments
multicloning sites
slection markers (antibiotic resistance)
reporter genes

55
Q

multicloning sites

A

sequences recognized by restriction enzymes

56
Q

selection markers

A

antibiotic resitance

57
Q

inducible promoters

A

strong repression

58
Q

process of amplifying DNA

A

thermostable polymerase (split)
primers (fix at area)
and dNTPs (building blocks

59
Q

how can mutations be introduced

A

site directed mutagenesis
CRISPR gene editing

60
Q

sticky ends

A

unmatched base pairs

61
Q

net charge of DNA

62
Q

how to visualize DNA

A

agar solution and a negative current to push fragment different distances based on length

63
Q

fluroescent tags

A

attach to denatured DNA to find specific segments and mark them

64
Q

how can bact, euk, and plant cells transform

A

bact: addition of new DNA
euk: electric current pushing recombinant DNA into the cell
plant: bacteria getting in a hyjacking

65
Q

second generation sequencing

A

enzymes to add fluorescent tags to nucleotides to determine DNA sequence

66
Q

pyrosequencing

A

sequencing by synthesis with luciferase

67
Q

illumina

A

sequencing by reversible terminator chemistry
fluorescent tags are removable

68
Q

third generation sequencing

A

single molecule sequencing allowing measurement of epigenetic modification

69
Q

PacBio

A

DNA passing through an immobilized polymerase with fluorescent nucleotides in real time

70
Q

nanopore

A

no amplification or labeling required
DNA passes through a pore disrupting electric current which is measured

71
Q

best method for sequencing entire bacterial chromosome

72
Q

how to visualize proteins

A

SDS denaturing them making uniformly negative to travel through solution

73
Q

genomics

A

studies DNA

74
Q

transcriptome

75
Q

proteome

76
Q

metabolome

A

sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, lipids

77
Q

how were genomes sequenced prior to 2005
since then?

A

sanger sequencing
massive parallel sequencing, single molecule sequencing

78
Q

bioinformatic analysis

A

uses annotation to find the open reading frame

79
Q

genomic studies infers

A

proteins encoded by a bacteria
pan genome
genomic/pathogenicity island

80
Q

qPCR

A

real time
measures amount of double RNA with on strand fluorescence or release of fluorescence

81
Q

digital PCR

A

not real time
measures number of molecules

82
Q

how is proteomics primarily done

A

mass spectrometry
genome is sequenced to predict protein
gel electrophoresis
proteins are cut out to be identified

83
Q

northern blot

83
Q

western blot

84
Q

southern blot

85
Q

expression plasmids

A

used to express gene and produce protein
multiclong sites
selection maker
inducible promoter
tagg for purification

BMSC 210 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions