Module 7a: The Head Flashcards
1
Q
Layers of the scalp
A
-skin
-dense connective tissue
-aponeurosis
-loose connective tissue
-pericranium
2
Q
Skin of the scalp
A
-contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands
3
Q
Dense connective tissue of the scalp
A
-highly innervated and vascularized, also contains hair follicles
4
Q
Aponeurosis of the scalp
A
-tendon-like sheet covers dome of skull
-intermediate muscle between occiptalis and frontalis muscle
5
Q
Loose connective tissue of the scalp
A
-danger area
-infections can spread easily between in and enter cranial cavity
-provides plane of separation between upper 3 layers and pericranium
6
Q
Pericranium of the scalp
A
-very thin layer of connective tissue that covers bones of skull
-serves for protection and provides nutrients o the bone
7
Q
Complications with hair transplants
A
-nerve damage
-prolonged pain
8
Q
Nerve damage with hair transplant
A
-numbness/lack of sensation
-bleeding from vascular damage
9
Q
Prolonged pain with hair transplants
A
-pain that doesnt subside after 4-5 weeks may indicate infection
10
Q
Ducts of the salivary gland
A
-parotid gland
-submandibular gland
11
Q
Parotid gland
A
-secretions from gland exit through stensens duct, which passes superficial to masseter muscle and pierces buccinator to open into oral cavity
12
Q
Submandibular gland
A
-in the neck
-medial to lower border of mandible
-secretions exit through whartons duct
13
Q
Salivary gland stones
A
-calcified stones that form when chemicals in saliva accumulate in duct or gland
14
Q
Salivary gland symptoms
A
-swelling of gland
-pain in lower jaw
-difficulty opening mouth due to blockage
15
Q
Salivary gland stones risk factors
A
-dehydration
-poor eating
-use of certain medications
-trauma
-genetics
16
Q
Which gender has a higher risk of salivary stones
A
-males
17
Q
Function of the muscles of facial expression
A
-protect orifices of face by acting as sphincters and dilators
-attach to face and cause changes in expression
18
Q
Buccinator
A
-contraction pulls cheeks tightly against teeth
-preventing food from collecting between teeth and gums during mastication
-works with tongue to keep food between molars
19
Q
Branches of the facial nerve
A
-temporal
-zygomatic
-marginal mandibular
-cervical
-buccal
20
Q
Buccinator muscle strain
A
-can occur from strenuous activity of jaw such as chewing gum, ill-fitted mouthpieces, or a contact injury to the face
21
Q
What nerve is the buccinator innervated by
A
-buccal branch of facial nerve
22
Q
Buccinator muscle strain
A
-deep pain in cheek
-pain during chewing, smiling, and swallowing
23
Q
Function of the trigeminal nerve
A
-carries sensory and motor innervation to the face
24
Q
Trigeminal nerve branches
A
-mandibular branch
-maxillary branch
-ophthalmic branch
25
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
-supplies skin of lower lip, lower face, temporal region, and upper part of external ear, motor info to muscles of mastication
26
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
-innervates skin of lateral sides of nose, lower eyelid, cheek, temporal region, and upper lip
27
Ophthalmic branch
-carries sensory info from skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and midline of nose
28
Trigeminal neuralgia
-chronic pain condition resulting from trigeminal nerve impairment
-can be caused by compression of nerve by neighbouring structures, multiple sclerosis, or natural aging/plastic surgery
29
Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms
-stabbing or shooting pain
-jaw and/or gum region
-forehead region triggered by brushing hair/teeth
-pain can last seconds or minutes with multiple attacks a day
30
Axis' of extraocular muscles of eye
-horizontal axis
-vertical axis
31
Superior rectus
-elevation of eyeball
32
Inferior oblique
-elevation of eyeball
33
Inferior rectus
-depression of eyeball
34
Superior oblique
-depression of eyeball
35
Lateral rectus
-abduction of eyeball
36
Medial rectus
-adduction of the eyeball
37
Lateral rectus
-abduction of the eyeball
38
Arterial supply of the orbit
-ophthalmic artery branches off internal carotid artery and enters orbit through optic canal
-branches of this artery supply contents of orbit and eyelids
39
Central retinal artery
-branch of the ophthalmic artery that nourishes the retina of eyeball
40
Venous drainage of the orbit
-superior ophthalmic vein which is formed by smaller veins that drain into orbit, passes through superior orbital fissure to drain into cavernous sinus
41
Inferior ophthalmic vein
-usually joins superior ophthalmic vein before draining into cavernous sinus
42
Pyomositis of extraocular muscles
-acute bacterial infection caused by staphylococus aureus found in respiratory tract and on skin
43
Pyomositis of extraocular muscles symptoms
-pain
-swelling
-redness in eye
-restricted movement of eye
-vision impairments
-central retinal artery occlusion
44
Borders of the middle ear
-lateral
-medial
-posterior
-roof
-floor
-lower anterior
-upper anterior
45
Lateral border of middle ear
-tympanic membrane
46
Medial border of middle ear
-medial (labrinthe) wall
47
Posterior border of middle ear
-thin bone separating tympanic cavity from mastoid air cells
48
Roof of middle ear
-tegman tympani
49
Floor of middle ear
-thin bone separating middle ear from internal jugular vein
50
Lower anterior border of middle ear
-thin bone that separates tympanic cavity from internal carotid artery
51
Upper anterior border of middle ear
-incomplete because it has an opening for eustachian tube
52
Eustachian tube dysfunction
-temporary problem caused by inability to equalize pressure in middle ear
53
Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms
-dulled hearing
-feeling of pressure or fullness in affected ear
54
Nasal septum
-forms the common medial wall that separates right and left nasal cavities
55
Nasal septum borders
-superior
-inferior
-anterior
56
Superior border of nasal septum
-perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
57
Inferior border of nasal septum
-vomer bone
58
Anterior border of nasal septum
-septal cartilage
59
Arterial supply of nasal septum
-carotid arteries
-ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
-kiesselbachs plexus
60
Carotid arteries of nasal septum
-internal and external carotid arteries ascend towards the nasal septum
61
Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries of nasal septum
-ophthalmic branches off internal carotid
-maxillary branches off external carotid
62
Kiesselbachs plexus of nasal septum
-branches of ophthalmic and maxillary arteries anastomose to form this, which is a highly vascularized area in anterior portion of nasal septum
63
Sensory innervation of nasal septum
-carried by branches of trigeminal nerve
64
Special sensory innervation of nasal septum
-carried by olfactory nerve
65
Innervation of anterosuperior part of nasal septum
-innervated by ophthalmic branch
66
Innervation of the rest of the nasal septum
-innervated by maxillary branch
67
Nasal polyps
-soft, painless, non-cancerous growths that hang down like teardrops from lining of nasal cavity
68
Nasal polyps causes
-chronic inflammation of vascular supply in walls of nasal cavity associated with recurring infection, drug sensitivity, or certain immune disorders
69
Nasal polyps symptoms
-loss of smell
-breathing problems
-post-nasal drip
70
Nerves involved in innervation of the tongue
-glossopharyngeal nerve
-trigeminal nerve
-facial nerve
71
Glossopharyngeal nerve innervation of tongue
-has lingual branches that supply both general and special sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
72
Trigeminal nerve innervation of tongue
-lingual branch supplies general sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
73
Facial nerve innervation of the tongue
-special sensory from anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by lingual nerve to chorda tympani
74
The lingual artery
-a branch of the external carotid artery
75
What does the lingual artery supply
-the tongue
-sublingual gland
-floor of the mouth
76
Dysgeusia
-distortion of sense of taste
-complicated diagnosis because taste is linked to both facial and glossopharyngeal nerves
77
Dysgeusia symptoms
-distortion of taste
-issues with swallowing
-impaired gag reflex
78
The muscles of mastication function
-4 paired muscles that attach to the mandible and are responsible for movement of the jaw
79
Lateral pterygoid muscles
-fibres run horizontally to insert into neck of mandible as well as capsule and articular disc of temperomandibular joint
80
Medial pterygoid muscle
-fibres run obliquely downward and backwards to insert on to the medial surface of mandible near its angle
81
Actions of the muscles of mastication
-elevation
-depression
-lateral movement
-protraction
-retraction
82
Which muscles are responsible for elevation of the mandible
-temporalis
-masseter
-medial pterygoid
83
Which muscles are responsible for depression of the mandible
-none
-primary gravity
-relaxation of the muscles
84
Which muscles are responsible for lateral movement of the mandible
-medial and lateral pterygoids
85
Which muscles are responsible for protraction of the mandible
-lateral pterygoid
86
Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the mandible
-temporalis
87
Innervation of the muscles of mastication
-mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
-sensory innervation to face as well as motor innervation to muscles of mastication
88
Lateral pterygoid strain
-may be caused by overuse, clenching of the jaw or TMJ dysfunction
89
Symptoms of lateral pterygoid strain
-pain radiating to maxilla
-pain at TMJ aggravated by chewing
-impairment of masticatory function
-clicking noise
90
Temperomandibular joint
-synovial modified hinge joint between head of mandible, the mandibular fossa, and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone
91
What is between the surfaces of the TMJ
-fibrocartilaginous articular disc
92
Movements of the TMJ
-elevation
-retraction
93
How is elevation of the TMJ achieved
-temporalis and masseter muscles
94
How is retraction of the TMJ achieved
-temporalis muscle
95
Temperomandibular joint syndrome
-can arise form problems with the muscles of the jaw or the joint itself being compromised
-typically due to excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching
96
Temperomandibular joint syndrome symptoms
-jaw clicking
-pain and tenderness
-pain in one or both temperomandibular joints
-difficulty chewing
-locking of joint
97
Vasculature of masticatory apparatus
-maxillary artery
-middle meningeal artery
98
Maxillary artery
-supplies muscles of mastication
99
Middle meningeal artery
-enters cranial cavity to supply much of the dura mater
100
Epidural hematoma
-fracture in skull may tear arterial branches of middle meningeal artery in dura mater and cause intracranial bleeding
101
Epidural hematoma causes
-blunt injury
102
Epidural hematoma symptoms
-initial loss of consiousness
-rapid neurological deterioration
-severe headaches due to increase in intracranial pressure
103
Lateral rectus muscle innervation
-abducens nerve
104
Lower teeth sensation innervation
-trigeminal nerve
105
Muscles of facial expression innervation
-facial nerve
106
Muscles of the tongue innervation
-hypoglossal nerve
107
Sound and balance innervation
-vestibulocochlear nerve
108
What are the parasympathetic ganglia
-ciliary
-pterygopalatine
-submandibular
-otic
109
Otic ganglia
-functionally associated with glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland
110
Otic preganglionic parasympathetic fibres
-leave medulla oblongata of brainstem as the glossopharyngeal nerve
111
Otic postganglionic parasympathetic fibres
-join the auriulotemporal nerve
-a branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
-innervated parotid gland
112
Frey's syndrome
-when auriculotemporal nerve is damaged
113
Frey's syndrome symptoms
-gustatory sweating which is sweating in the anticipation of eating
114
Arterial supply of face
-ophthalmic artery
-superficial temporal artery
-facial artery
115
Ophthalmic artery of the face
-supplies eyes and forehead
116
Superficial temporal artery of the face
-supplies skin and muscles of temple and scalp
-parotid gland
117
Where can the pulse of the superficial temporal artery be felt
-where it crosses the zygomatic arch, anterior to the ear
118
Facial artery of the face
-accommodates movements of the face
-mostly in the regions of the eyes, mandible, and lips
119
Where can the pulse of the facial artery be felt
-where it crosses the mandible
120
Superficial temporal artery aneurysm
-bulging or weakening of the artery, brought on my traumatic injury
121
Superficial temporal artery aneurysm symptoms
-lump of forehead
-headaches
122
What is the main vein that drains face
-facial vein
123
What does the facial vein travel alongside
-internal jugular vein
124
What does the facial vein drain into
-cavernous sinus
125
Why are the veins in the face a conduit for infection
-they do not contain valves, allowing blood to flow in either direction
-therefore infection can spread from the face intercranially
126
The danger triangle
-the trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, and ophthalmic nerve would likely be infected by infection of cavernous sinus
