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ANAT 380 > Module 3: The Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Module 3: The Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the bony pelvis

A

-greater (false) cavity
-lesser (true) cavity

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2
Q

Greater (false) pelvic cavity

A

-region above the pelvic brim
-forms lower part of abdominal cavity
-larger and sits superior to lesser cavity

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3
Q

Lesser (true) pelvic cavity

A

-below pelvic brim
-largely closed by the pelvic floor

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4
Q

Main difference between the male and female pelvis

A

-subpubic angle

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5
Q

Subpubic angle in females

A

-much larger
-90-100 degrees

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6
Q

Subpubic angle in males

A

-smaller
-70 degrees

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7
Q

Joints of the pelvis

A

-sacroiliac joint
-pubic symphysis

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8
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

-between sacrum and ilium

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9
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

-joins right and left pubic bones

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10
Q

Symphysis pubis dysfunction

A

-during pregnancy
-the pelvic girdle becomes more relaxed and elastic as delivery nears due
-if this happens prematurely it can make the pelvic joint at the pubic symphysis unstable

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11
Q

Symphysis pubis dysfunction symptoms

A

-difficulty walking
-pain in pubic area
-pain that worsens with weight bearing
-pain in perineum

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12
Q

Structures of the pelvic floor

A

-levator ani
-coccygeus
-urogenital hiatus
-anal apertures

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13
Q

Levator ani

A

-main pelvic floor muscle
-broad muscle group situated on either side of the pelvis

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14
Q

Coccygeus

A

-this muscle makes up posterior portion of pelvic floor

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15
Q

Urogenital hiatus

A

-u-shaped opening for urethra and vagina

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16
Q

Anal apertures

A

-passage for anal canal

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17
Q

Puborectal sling

A

-some fibres of levator ani muscle form sling around rectum
-attaches to pubic bone and wraps around rectus

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18
Q

What does the puborectal sling help form

A

-anorectal flexure

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19
Q

Puborectal sling function

A

-allows contraction of muscle fibres to keep rectum closed until defacation

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20
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A

-if pelvic floor weakens, pelvic viscera can push against it
-results in a protrusion at or near the vaginal opening

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21
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse symptoms

A

-difficulty initiating urine flow and may strain to defecate

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22
Q

Female pouches of the pelvic peritoneum

A

-vesicouterine pouch
-rectouterine pouch

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23
Q

Vesicouterine pouch

A

-pelvic peritoneum descends form back of anterior abdominal wall onto the upper surface of the urinary bladder and then onto anterior surface of uterus

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24
Q

Rectouterine pouch

A

-continues over the fundus of the uterus and down its posterior wall to the upper part of posterior vagina

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25
Male pelvis peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum descends from back of anterior abdominal wall to superior surface of urinary bladder -then passes anterior to surface of rectum
26
Path of ureter from abdomen to pelvis
-abdominal wall -pelvic cavity -pelvic wall
27
Abdominal wall path of ureters
-as ureters descend into the pelvic cavity, they cross over the common iliac arteries
28
Pelvic cavity path of ureter
-continues along lateral pelvic wall to enter urinary bladder posteriorly
29
Pelvic wall path of ureter
-where ureters drain into the bladder
30
What structure crosses ureter in males
-vas deferens
31
What structure crosses ureter in females
-uterine artery
32
Urinary tract infection
-bacterial infection in any part of urinary system
33
Are males or females at higher risk for a UTI
-females
34
Why are women more at risk for UTI
-shorter urethra
35
Most common locations of UTI
-urethra and bladder
36
UTI symptoms
-burning sensation when urinating -localized pain in bladder
37
Sigmoid colon
-continuation of descending colon -forms an S-shaped loop
38
Rectum
-follows curvature of sacrum -then turns into anorectal flexure at end of anal canal
39
Where does rectum sit in females
-posterior to uterus
40
Where does the rectum sit in males
-rectum sits posterior to bladder
41
Venous drainage of sigmoid colon and rectum
-inferior mesenteric vein
42
Pregnancy hemorrhoids
-veins in lower rectum become enlarged and swollen
43
Pregnancy hemorrhoids symptoms
-painful itchy swellings near anus -difficulty passing stool -blood in stool
44
Rectal suppositories
-solid form of medication inserted into rectum
45
Pathway of vas deferens
-travels through inguinal canal within spermatic cord
46
Epididymitis
-bacterial infection of epididymis -may start in bladder or kidney before spreading through ejaculatory duct to vas deferens to reach epididymis
47
Epididymitis symptoms
-pain localized to infected testicle -fever -swelling
48
Prostate tumour
-complications arise in later stages when tumour metastasizes to nearby bladder or distant structures through bloodstream
49
Prostate tumour symptoms
-can continue to grown and press on prostatic urethra where it can disrupt flow of urine or semen -difficulty urinating -blood in urine/semen
50
Male reproductive vasculature
-testicular artery -artery to vas deferens -pampiniform plexus -cremasteric artery
51
Testicular artery
-branch off abdominal aorta
52
Artery to vas deferens
-branch off internal iliac artery
53
Pampiniform plexus
-network of veins that drains venous blood from testis into testicular vein
54
Cremasteric artery
-supplies fascial coverings and muscle of spermatic cord
55
Testicular torsion
-occurs when testicles rotate, twisting spermatic cord -if blood supply is not restored within 6 hours, can lead to testicular necrosis
56
Testicular torsion symptoms
-sudden severe pain -swelling -change in scrotum colour -localized pain in inguinal region
57
Ectopic pregnancy
-egg attaches itself somewhere outside uterus, this commonly occurs in uterine tube but may also occur in other regions
58
Ectopic pregnancy symptoms
-normal pregnancy symptoms -pelvic pain on affected side -pain can become sharp if fallopian tubes burst
59
Arterial supply of female internal viscera
-ovarian arteries -uterine arteries
60
Ovarian arteries
-lateral branches of abdominal aorta at L1
61
What do ovarian arteries supply
-ovaries and distal uterine tubes
62
Uterine arteries
-branches of internal iliac arteries
63
What do uterine arteries supply
-proximal uterine tubes
64
Venous drainage of female internal viscera
-right ovarian vein -left ovarian vein -uterine veins
65
Right ovarian vein
-drains into inferior vena cava
66
Left ovarian vein
-drains into left renal vein
67
Uterine veins
-form a plexus that drains to internal iliac veins
68
Ovarian cysts
-may affect surrounding structures such as the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and ovarian arteries
69
Ovarian cysts symptoms
-unilateral pelvic pain -pain during intercourse
70
What shape is the perineum
-diamond
71
Anterior border of perineum
-pubic symphysis
72
Lateral border of perineum
-ischial tuberosities
73
Posterior border of perineum
-coccyx
74
Pouches of the urogenital triangle
-superficial perineal pouch -deep perineal pouch
75
Superficial perineal pouch
-lies superficial to perineal membrane and contains muscle, skin, and external genitalia
76
Deep perineal pouch
-contains urogenital diaphragm, layer of skeletal muscle, and deep transverse perineal muscles
77
Perineal body
-fibromuscular mass at center of perineum which provides attachment for muscle of perineum
78
Ischiorectal fossa
-wedge shaped space between ischium and anal canal
79
Ischiorectal fossa function
-allows for expansion of anal canal during defecation
80
Pudendal canal location
-on lateral wall of each ischiorectal fossa
81
What does pudendal canal contain
-pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
82
Ischiorectal abscesses
-abscesses that perforate laterally through external sphincter into lower ischiorectal space
83
Ischiorectal abscesses symptoms
-discomfort and pain while walking and sitting -painful defecation -site of abscess painful, swollen, and tender
84
Muscles of the penis
-ischiocavernosus muscles -bulbospongiosus muscle
85
Ischiocavernosus muscles
-cover the 2 cura of penis
86
Bulbospongiosus muscle
-covers bulb of penis
87
Function of muscles of penis
-compress crura and bulb during erection
88
Balantis
-inflammation of foreskin due to infection or chronic skin condition
89
What population does balantis occur in
-uncircumsized men
90
Balantis symptoms
-pain -redness -swelling -painful urination
91
Parts of the clitoris
-body -glans
92
Body of clitoris
-right and left crus anteriorly form body -attached to perineal membrane
93
Glans of the clitoris
-distal portion, on each side of vaginal orifice -vestibular bulbs that anteriorly form the glans clitoris
94
Female external genitalia parts
-mons pubis -prepuce -frenulum
95
Mons pubis
-rounded mass of fatty tissues formed by union of labia majora
96
Prepuce
-anterior and superior to clitoris -formed by fusion of the labia minora
97
Frenulum
-anterior and inferior to clitoris -fusion of labia minora forms one frenulum
98
Vulvitis
-inflammation and infection of the vulva
99
Vulvitis symptoms
-redness and swelling of vulva -itching and burning sensations -white, cracked vulva -fluid filled blisters that break open, ooze and crust over
100
The greater vestibular glands
-lie posterior to the bulbs of the vestibule on each side of vaginal orifice
101
What happens to the greater vestibular glands during sexual arousal
-produce a mucus that is carried by ducts
102
Muscles of the clitoris
-ischiocavernosus muscles -bulbospongiosus muscles
103
Ischiocavernosus muscles
-cover the crura of the clitoris
104
Bulbospongiosus muscles
-cover the bulbs of the vestibules and greater vestibular glands
105
Vasculature of pelvis and perineum
-umbilical artery -inferior vesicle -internal pudendal artery
106
Umbilical artery
-transport deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta, the proximal branches of the umbilical artery becomes the superior vesicle artery that supplies the upper part of the bladder
107
Inferior vesicle
-supplied structures such as bladder, ureter, seminal vesicles, prostate, and ductus deferens
108
Internal pudendal artery
-exits through the greater sciatic foramen and enters the lesser sciatic foramen to the perineum through the pudendal canal
109
What does the internal pudendal artery supply
-supplies skin and muscles of the anal triangle, urogenital triangle, and associated erectile bodies
110
Priapism
-common side effect of drug use and is a medical emergency -the prolonged and erection of the penis or clitoris
111
Priapism symptoms female
-red and swollen
112
Priapism symptoms male
-glans and shaft may become large and swollen

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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