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ANAT 380 > Module 3: The Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Module 3: The Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the bony pelvis

A

-greater (false) cavity
-lesser (true) cavity

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2
Q

Greater (false) pelvic cavity

A

-region above the pelvic brim
-forms lower part of abdominal cavity
-larger and sits superior to lesser cavity

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3
Q

Lesser (true) pelvic cavity

A

-below pelvic brim
-largely closed by the pelvic floor

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4
Q

Main difference between the male and female pelvis

A

-subpubic angle

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5
Q

Subpubic angle in females

A

-much larger
-90-100 degrees

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6
Q

Subpubic angle in males

A

-smaller
-70 degrees

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7
Q

Joints of the pelvis

A

-sacroiliac joint
-pubic symphysis

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8
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

-between sacrum and ilium

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9
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

-joins right and left pubic bones

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10
Q

Symphysis pubis dysfunction

A

-during pregnancy
-the pelvic girdle becomes more relaxed and elastic as delivery nears due
-if this happens prematurely it can make the pelvic joint at the pubic symphysis unstable

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11
Q

Symphysis pubis dysfunction symptoms

A

-difficulty walking
-pain in pubic area
-pain that worsens with weight bearing
-pain in perineum

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12
Q

Structures of the pelvic floor

A

-levator ani
-coccygeus
-urogenital hiatus
-anal apertures

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13
Q

Levator ani

A

-main pelvic floor muscle
-broad muscle group situated on either side of the pelvis

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14
Q

Coccygeus

A

-this muscle makes up posterior portion of pelvic floor

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15
Q

Urogenital hiatus

A

-u-shaped opening for urethra and vagina

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16
Q

Anal apertures

A

-passage for anal canal

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17
Q

Puborectal sling

A

-some fibres of levator ani muscle form sling around rectum
-attaches to pubic bone and wraps around rectus

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18
Q

What does the puborectal sling help form

A

-anorectal flexure

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19
Q

Puborectal sling function

A

-allows contraction of muscle fibres to keep rectum closed until defacation

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20
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A

-if pelvic floor weakens, pelvic viscera can push against it
-results in a protrusion at or near the vaginal opening

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21
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse symptoms

A

-difficulty initiating urine flow and may strain to defecate

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22
Q

Female pouches of the pelvic peritoneum

A

-vesicouterine pouch
-rectouterine pouch

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23
Q

Vesicouterine pouch

A

-pelvic peritoneum descends form back of anterior abdominal wall onto the upper surface of the urinary bladder and then onto anterior surface of uterus

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24
Q

Rectouterine pouch

A

-continues over the fundus of the uterus and down its posterior wall to the upper part of posterior vagina

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25
Q

Male pelvis peritoneum

A

-parietal peritoneum descends from back of anterior abdominal wall to superior surface of urinary bladder
-then passes anterior to surface of rectum

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26
Q

Path of ureter from abdomen to pelvis

A

-abdominal wall
-pelvic cavity
-pelvic wall

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27
Q

Abdominal wall path of ureters

A

-as ureters descend into the pelvic cavity, they cross over the common iliac arteries

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28
Q

Pelvic cavity path of ureter

A

-continues along lateral pelvic wall to enter urinary bladder posteriorly

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29
Q

Pelvic wall path of ureter

A

-where ureters drain into the bladder

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30
Q

What structure crosses ureter in males

A

-vas deferens

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31
Q

What structure crosses ureter in females

A

-uterine artery

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32
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

-bacterial infection in any part of urinary system

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33
Q

Are males or females at higher risk for a UTI

A

-females

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34
Q

Why are women more at risk for UTI

A

-shorter urethra

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35
Q

Most common locations of UTI

A

-urethra and bladder

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36
Q

UTI symptoms

A

-burning sensation when urinating
-localized pain in bladder

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37
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

-continuation of descending colon
-forms an S-shaped loop

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38
Q

Rectum

A

-follows curvature of sacrum
-then turns into anorectal flexure at end of anal canal

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39
Q

Where does rectum sit in females

A

-posterior to uterus

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40
Q

Where does the rectum sit in males

A

-rectum sits posterior to bladder

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41
Q

Venous drainage of sigmoid colon and rectum

A

-inferior mesenteric vein

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42
Q

Pregnancy hemorrhoids

A

-veins in lower rectum become enlarged and swollen

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43
Q

Pregnancy hemorrhoids symptoms

A

-painful itchy swellings near anus
-difficulty passing stool
-blood in stool

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44
Q

Rectal suppositories

A

-solid form of medication inserted into rectum

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45
Q

Pathway of vas deferens

A

-travels through inguinal canal within spermatic cord

46
Q

Epididymitis

A

-bacterial infection of epididymis
-may start in bladder or kidney before spreading through ejaculatory duct to vas deferens to reach epididymis

47
Q

Epididymitis symptoms

A

-pain localized to infected testicle
-fever
-swelling

48
Q

Prostate tumour

A

-complications arise in later stages when tumour metastasizes to nearby bladder or distant structures through bloodstream

49
Q

Prostate tumour symptoms

A

-can continue to grown and press on prostatic urethra where it can disrupt flow of urine or semen
-difficulty urinating
-blood in urine/semen

50
Q

Male reproductive vasculature

A

-testicular artery
-artery to vas deferens
-pampiniform plexus
-cremasteric artery

51
Q

Testicular artery

A

-branch off abdominal aorta

52
Q

Artery to vas deferens

A

-branch off internal iliac artery

53
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

-network of veins that drains venous blood from testis into testicular vein

54
Q

Cremasteric artery

A

-supplies fascial coverings and muscle of spermatic cord

55
Q

Testicular torsion

A

-occurs when testicles rotate, twisting spermatic cord
-if blood supply is not restored within 6 hours, can lead to testicular necrosis

56
Q

Testicular torsion symptoms

A

-sudden severe pain
-swelling
-change in scrotum colour
-localized pain in inguinal region

57
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

-egg attaches itself somewhere outside uterus, this commonly occurs in uterine tube but may also occur in other regions

58
Q

Ectopic pregnancy symptoms

A

-normal pregnancy symptoms
-pelvic pain on affected side
-pain can become sharp if fallopian tubes burst

59
Q

Arterial supply of female internal viscera

A

-ovarian arteries
-uterine arteries

60
Q

Ovarian arteries

A

-lateral branches of abdominal aorta at L1

61
Q

What do ovarian arteries supply

A

-ovaries and distal uterine tubes

62
Q

Uterine arteries

A

-branches of internal iliac arteries

63
Q

What do uterine arteries supply

A

-proximal uterine tubes

64
Q

Venous drainage of female internal viscera

A

-right ovarian vein
-left ovarian vein
-uterine veins

65
Q

Right ovarian vein

A

-drains into inferior vena cava

66
Q

Left ovarian vein

A

-drains into left renal vein

67
Q

Uterine veins

A

-form a plexus that drains to internal iliac veins

68
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

-may affect surrounding structures such as the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, and ovarian arteries

69
Q

Ovarian cysts symptoms

A

-unilateral pelvic pain
-pain during intercourse

70
Q

What shape is the perineum

A

-diamond

71
Q

Anterior border of perineum

A

-pubic symphysis

72
Q

Lateral border of perineum

A

-ischial tuberosities

73
Q

Posterior border of perineum

A

-coccyx

74
Q

Pouches of the urogenital triangle

A

-superficial perineal pouch
-deep perineal pouch

75
Q

Superficial perineal pouch

A

-lies superficial to perineal membrane and contains muscle, skin, and external genitalia

76
Q

Deep perineal pouch

A

-contains urogenital diaphragm, layer of skeletal muscle, and deep transverse perineal muscles

77
Q

Perineal body

A

-fibromuscular mass at center of perineum which provides attachment for muscle of perineum

78
Q

Ischiorectal fossa

A

-wedge shaped space between ischium and anal canal

79
Q

Ischiorectal fossa function

A

-allows for expansion of anal canal during defecation

80
Q

Pudendal canal location

A

-on lateral wall of each ischiorectal fossa

81
Q

What does pudendal canal contain

A

-pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels

82
Q

Ischiorectal abscesses

A

-abscesses that perforate laterally through external sphincter into lower ischiorectal space

83
Q

Ischiorectal abscesses symptoms

A

-discomfort and pain while walking and sitting
-painful defecation
-site of abscess painful, swollen, and tender

84
Q

Muscles of the penis

A

-ischiocavernosus muscles
-bulbospongiosus muscle

85
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscles

A

-cover the 2 cura of penis

86
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle

A

-covers bulb of penis

87
Q

Function of muscles of penis

A

-compress crura and bulb during erection

88
Q

Balantis

A

-inflammation of foreskin due to infection or chronic skin condition

89
Q

What population does balantis occur in

A

-uncircumsized men

90
Q

Balantis symptoms

A

-pain
-redness
-swelling
-painful urination

91
Q

Parts of the clitoris

A

-body
-glans

92
Q

Body of clitoris

A

-right and left crus anteriorly form body
-attached to perineal membrane

93
Q

Glans of the clitoris

A

-distal portion, on each side of vaginal orifice
-vestibular bulbs that anteriorly form the glans clitoris

94
Q

Female external genitalia parts

A

-mons pubis
-prepuce
-frenulum

95
Q

Mons pubis

A

-rounded mass of fatty tissues formed by union of labia majora

96
Q

Prepuce

A

-anterior and superior to clitoris
-formed by fusion of the labia minora

97
Q

Frenulum

A

-anterior and inferior to clitoris
-fusion of labia minora forms one frenulum

98
Q

Vulvitis

A

-inflammation and infection of the vulva

99
Q

Vulvitis symptoms

A

-redness and swelling of vulva
-itching and burning sensations
-white, cracked vulva
-fluid filled blisters that break open, ooze and crust over

100
Q

The greater vestibular glands

A

-lie posterior to the bulbs of the vestibule on each side of vaginal orifice

101
Q

What happens to the greater vestibular glands during sexual arousal

A

-produce a mucus that is carried by ducts

102
Q

Muscles of the clitoris

A

-ischiocavernosus muscles
-bulbospongiosus muscles

103
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscles

A

-cover the crura of the clitoris

104
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscles

A

-cover the bulbs of the vestibules and greater vestibular glands

105
Q

Vasculature of pelvis and perineum

A

-umbilical artery
-inferior vesicle
-internal pudendal artery

106
Q

Umbilical artery

A

-transport deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta, the proximal branches of the umbilical artery becomes the superior vesicle artery that supplies the upper part of the bladder

107
Q

Inferior vesicle

A

-supplied structures such as bladder, ureter, seminal vesicles, prostate, and ductus deferens

108
Q

Internal pudendal artery

A

-exits through the greater sciatic foramen and enters the lesser sciatic foramen to the perineum through the pudendal canal

109
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply

A

-supplies skin and muscles of the anal triangle, urogenital triangle, and associated erectile bodies

110
Q

Priapism

A

-common side effect of drug use and is a medical emergency
-the prolonged and erection of the penis or clitoris

111
Q

Priapism symptoms female

A

-red and swollen

112
Q

Priapism symptoms male

A

-glans and shaft may become large and swollen

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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