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ANAT 380 > Module 2A: The Abdomen > Flashcards

Module 2A: The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

How many regions is the anterior abdominal wall divided into

A

-9

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2
Q

What are the 9 regions of the anterior abdominal wall

A

-epigastric
-umbilical
-hypogastric
-left hypochondriac
-left lumbar
-left inguinal
-right hypochondriac
-right lumbar
-right inguinal

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3
Q

Layers of anterior abdominal wall superficial to deep

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-investing fascia
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal fat
-parietal peritoneum

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4
Q

Most common target of liposuction

A

-anterior abdominal wall
-superficial fascia layer

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5
Q

What structures are visible in superior view of rectus sheath

A

-linea alba
-rectus abdominus
-transversus abdominus
-rectus sheath
-external oblique
-internal oblique

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6
Q

What structures are visible in anterior view of rectus sheath

A

-rectus sheath
-external oblique
-linea alba

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7
Q

What structures are visible in posterior view of rectus sheath

A

-rectus abdominus
-rectus sheath

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8
Q

Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD)

A

-condition where rectus abdominus muscles become separated due to thinning and widening of the linea alba, resulting in protrusion of abdominal contents

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9
Q

Rectus abdominis diastasis symptoms

A

-protruding midline
-lower back pain

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10
Q

2 main arteries of anterior abdominal wall

A

-superior epigastric artery
-inferior epigastric artery

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11
Q

Superior epigastric artery

A

-branch of internal thoracic artery

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12
Q

Inferior epigastric artery

A

-branch of the external iliac artery

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13
Q

Rectus sheath hematoma

A

-result of bleeding into the rectus sheath from damage to the superior and/or inferior epigastric arteries/their branches

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14
Q

How can rectus sheath hematoma happen

A

-from a direct tear of rectus sheath or of the abdominal muscles

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15
Q

Rectus sheath hematoma symptoms

A

-bruising
-tenderness
-pain
-bulging of the abdomen

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal wall

A

-superficial lymphatic drainage
-deep lymphatic drainage

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17
Q

Superficial lymphatic drainage

A

-drainage to the axillary nodes from above the umbilicus and to the superficial inguinal nodes below the umbilicus

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18
Q

Deep lymphatic drainage

A

-drainage to the external iliac, common iliac, and lumbar nodes

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19
Q

The inguinal canal

A

-clinically important passageway for structures between abdominal and pelvic regions

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20
Q

What are the 2 inguinal rings

A

-superficial inguinal ring
-deep inguinal ring

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21
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

-opening in external oblique aponeurosis
-superior to pubic tubercle

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22
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

-invagination of tranversalis fascia
-superior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

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23
Q

Male contents of inguinal canal

A

-spermatic cord

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24
Q

Female contents of inguinal canal

A

-round ligament

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25
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve passage

A

-passes through canal exiting through the superficial inguinal ring

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26
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply in males

A

-skin of adjacent upper thigh
-skin of upper scrotum
-root of the penis

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27
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply in females

A

-skin of adjacent upper thigh
-skin of upper labia majora
-skin of mons pubis

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28
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

-occurs when contents of the abdominal cavity protrude into the inguinal canal

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29
Q

Where does inguinal hernia commonly occur in males

A

-in inguinal canal where spermatic cord enters scrotum

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30
Q

Where does inguinal hernia commonly happen in females

A

-where the round ligament of the uterus attaches to the tissue surrounding the pubic bone

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31
Q

Major superior muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

-larger right cura
-smaller left cura

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32
Q

Larger right cura

A

-originates from the bodies of L1-3

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33
Q

Smaller left cura

A

-originates from bodies of L1-2

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34
Q

Major inferior muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

-psoas major
-iliacus
-quadratus lumborum

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35
Q

Iliopsoas muscle origin and insertion

A

-origin: lumbar vertebrae
-insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur

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36
Q

Quadratus lumborum origin and insertion

A

-origin: iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae
-insertion: rib 12

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37
Q

Tight quadratus lumborum

A

-when muscles on one side of abdominal wall becomes tight it may lift the corresponding side of one’s pelvis causing a misalignment

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38
Q

Tight quadratus lumborum symptoms

A

-limited reaching and breathing
-back pain

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39
Q

Lumbar plexus formation

A

-formed in psoas major muscle from ventral rami of spinal nerves 1-4

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40
Q

Nerves of the lumbar plexus

A

-iliohypogastric
-ilioinguinal
-genitofemoral
-lateral femoral cutaneous
-femoral
-obturator
-lumbosacral trunk

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41
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve roots

A

-L1

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42
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve innervation

A
  • skin and muscles of lower abdominal wall
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43
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve roots

A

-L1

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44
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve innervation

A

-skin of upper medial thigh
-root of penis
-anterior scrotum
-skin of mons pubis
-labium majus

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45
Q

Genitofemoral nerve roots

A

-L1 & 2

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46
Q

Genitofemoral nerve division

A

-divides into genital and femoral branches

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47
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve roots

A

-L2 & 3

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48
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervation

A

-skin of anterolateral thigh

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49
Q

Femoral nerve roots

A

-L2-4

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50
Q

Femoral nerve innervation

A

-muscles of thigh and hip
-knee joints
-skin of anterior thigh

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51
Q

Obturator nerve roots

A

-L2-4

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52
Q

Obturator nerve innervation

A

-medial compartment of thigh
-hip
-knee joints
-skin of medial thigh

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53
Q

Lumbosacral trunk roots

A

-L4 & 5

54
Q

Lumbosacral trunk formation

A

-joins S1-4 to form sacral plexus

55
Q

Femoral nerve entrapment

A

-pinching of the femoral nerve

56
Q

Femoral nerve entrapment symptoms

A

-pain
-numbness
-weakness along front of thigh

57
Q

Most common cause of femoral nerve entrapment

A

-disc herniation at level L2/3 or L3/4

58
Q

What is neuropathy

A

-the damage or dysfunction of nerves

59
Q

Autonomic system divisions

A

-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

60
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

-lumbar sympathetic trunk runs down posterior abdominal wall lateral to the vertebral column

61
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

-branches of left and right vagus nerves called “vagal trunks” carry parasympathetic fibres to aortic plexus

62
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerve roots

A

-S2-4

63
Q

What do pelvic splanchnic nerves carry

A

-parasympathetic fibres to the superior hypogastric plexus

64
Q

Parts of the autonomic plexus

A

-aortic (prevertebral) plexus
-superior hypogastric plexus

65
Q

Aortic (prevertebral) plexus innervation

A

-stomach
-small and large intestine
-kidneys

66
Q

What is the aortic (prevertebral) plexus associated with

A

-prevertebal ganglia

67
Q

Superior hypogastric plexus innervation

A

-uterus
-prostate
-bladder
-rectum
-perineum

68
Q

Diabetic gastroparesis

A

-impaired innervation to abdominal viscera, dysmotility can result

69
Q

Diabetic gastroparesis symptoms

A

-bloating
-abdominal pain
-nausea
-vomiting

70
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

-after passing through the aortic hiatus, the aorta is considered this

71
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

A

-level L4/5

72
Q

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into

A

-left and right common iliac arteries

73
Q

What do the left and right common iliac arteries bifurcate into

A

-external iliac and internal iliac arteries

74
Q

Aortic dissection (tear)

A

-trauma to abdominal aorta could result in a weakened abdominal aorta tearing or rupturing

75
Q

Aortic dissection (tear) symptoms

A

-abdominal pain
-weakness
-fainting

76
Q

Who is at higher risk of an aortic dissection

A

-those with a history of hypertension

77
Q

Anterior unpaired visceral branches of aorta

A

-celiac artery
-superior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric artery

78
Q

Celiac artery level

A

-T12

79
Q

Celiac artery branches

A

-left gastric
-common hepatic
-splenic

80
Q

Celiac artery innervation

A

-foregut structures

81
Q

Superior mesenteric artery level

A

-L1

82
Q

Superior mesenteric artery branches

A

-inferior pancreaticoduodenal
-jejunal
-ileal
-middle and right colic

83
Q

Superior mesenteric artery innervation

A

-midgut structures

84
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery level

A

-L3

85
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery branches

A

-left colic
-sigmoidal
-superior rectal (hemorrhoidal)

86
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery innervation

A

-hindgut structures

87
Q

Lateral paired visceral branches of aorta

A

-suprarenal
-renal
-gonadal

88
Q

Types of suprarenal arteries

A

-right and left

89
Q

Suprarenal arteries level

A

-L1

90
Q

Types of renal arteries

A

-right and left

91
Q

Renal arteries level

A

-between L1 and L2

92
Q

Types of gonadal arteries

A

-right and left

93
Q

Gonadal arteries level

A

-L2

94
Q

Posterior parietal branches of aorta

A

-right and left inferior phrenic
-lumbar

95
Q

Right and left inferior phrenic arteries location

A

-just below aortic hiatus near beginning of abdominal aorta

96
Q

Right and left inferior phrenic arteries innervation

A

-inferior surface of diaphragm

97
Q

Lumbar arteries location

A

-four pairs that run in series with intercostal arteries

98
Q

Lumbar arteries innveration

A

-posterior abdominal wall

99
Q

Splenic artery infarction

A

-condition where splenic artery is obstructed

100
Q

Splenic artery infarction symptoms

A

-severe pain in upper left quadrant of abdomen that is usually slow to develop

101
Q

Inferior vena cava formation

A

-formed by union of right and left common iliac veins at L5

102
Q

Inferior vena cava tributaries

A

-right left renal veins
-hepatic veins
-inferior phrenic veins
-lumbar veins
-left suprarenal veins
-right gonadal veins

103
Q

Inferior vena cava syndrome

A

-obstruction of inferior vena cava due to compression and/or infarction of major tributaries

104
Q

Inferior vena cava syndrome symptoms

A

-edema below diaphragm
-blood clot or tumour

105
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

-parietal
-visceral

106
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

-lines inferior surface of diaphragm, abdominal walls, and forms over pelvic viscera

107
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

-covers organs so when their visceral surfaces are in contact with each other or with parietal peritoneum, the serous fluid between the surfaces allows free movement

108
Q

Peritonitis

A

-inflammation of peritoneum caused by bacterial infection

109
Q

Peritonitis symptoms

A

-abdominal pain
-weight loss
-tenderness of abdomen

110
Q

Peritoneal folds

A

-omenta
-mesenteries

111
Q

Omenta

A

-large double folds of peritoneum consisting of greater and lesser

112
Q

Greater omenta

A

-hanging below the stomach

113
Q

Lesser omenta

A

-hanging between stomach and liver

114
Q

Omenta purpose

A

-helps to cushion the intestines and act as a protective barrier for infection and trauma of underlying abdominal organs

115
Q

Mesenteries

A

-double folds of peritoneum anchor abdominal organs to posterior abdominal wall, helping keep the organs in place while still allowing for some mobility

116
Q

Different types of peritoneal organs

A

-intraperitoneal
-retroperitoneal

117
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

-almost completely covered by peritoneum

118
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

-found behind peritoneum and only covered anteriorlu

119
Q

Peritoneal sac

A

-space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum

120
Q

Sacs of the peritoneal cavity

A

-greater sac
-lesser sac

121
Q

Greater sac of the peritoneum

A

-extends from diaphragm to pelvis

122
Q

Lesser sac of the peritoneum

A

-lies behind stomach, extending upward to diaphragm, downward between layers of greater omentum, as far left as the spleen, and to the right

123
Q

Innervation of the parietal peritoneum

A

-network of nerves including the phrenic, lower intercostal nerves, and several others

124
Q

Innervation of the visceral peritoneum

A

-visceral sensory nerves that accompany autonomic nerves

125
Q

Parietal peritoneum pain sensitivity

A

-well localized sensitivity to pain

126
Q

Visceral peritoneum pain sensitivity

A

-pain is poorly localized

127
Q

Reactive lymphadenopathy

A

-occurs when lymph nodes become swollen due to an immune response from lymphocytes

128
Q

Reactive lympadenopathy symptoms

A

-tenderness
-pain
-warmth upon touch of affected lymph nodes

129
Q

Pre-aortic lymph nodes location

A

-located on anterior surface of aorta in close proximity to major unpaired branches of aorta

130
Q

Pre-aortic lymph nodes drainage

A

-drain lymph from foregut, midgut, and hindgut structures

131
Q

Para-aortic lymph nodes location

A

-along length of aorta, on right and left sides

132
Q

Para-aortic lymph nodes drainage

A

-drain lymph from posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters, gonads, uterus, and uterine tubes

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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