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ANAT 380 > Module 2A: The Abdomen > Flashcards

Module 2A: The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

How many regions is the anterior abdominal wall divided into

A

-9

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2
Q

What are the 9 regions of the anterior abdominal wall

A

-epigastric
-umbilical
-hypogastric
-left hypochondriac
-left lumbar
-left inguinal
-right hypochondriac
-right lumbar
-right inguinal

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3
Q

Layers of anterior abdominal wall superficial to deep

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-investing fascia
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal fat
-parietal peritoneum

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4
Q

Most common target of liposuction

A

-anterior abdominal wall
-superficial fascia layer

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5
Q

What structures are visible in superior view of rectus sheath

A

-linea alba
-rectus abdominus
-transversus abdominus
-rectus sheath
-external oblique
-internal oblique

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6
Q

What structures are visible in anterior view of rectus sheath

A

-rectus sheath
-external oblique
-linea alba

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7
Q

What structures are visible in posterior view of rectus sheath

A

-rectus abdominus
-rectus sheath

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8
Q

Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD)

A

-condition where rectus abdominus muscles become separated due to thinning and widening of the linea alba, resulting in protrusion of abdominal contents

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9
Q

Rectus abdominis diastasis symptoms

A

-protruding midline
-lower back pain

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10
Q

2 main arteries of anterior abdominal wall

A

-superior epigastric artery
-inferior epigastric artery

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11
Q

Superior epigastric artery

A

-branch of internal thoracic artery

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12
Q

Inferior epigastric artery

A

-branch of the external iliac artery

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13
Q

Rectus sheath hematoma

A

-result of bleeding into the rectus sheath from damage to the superior and/or inferior epigastric arteries/their branches

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14
Q

How can rectus sheath hematoma happen

A

-from a direct tear of rectus sheath or of the abdominal muscles

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15
Q

Rectus sheath hematoma symptoms

A

-bruising
-tenderness
-pain
-bulging of the abdomen

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal wall

A

-superficial lymphatic drainage
-deep lymphatic drainage

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17
Q

Superficial lymphatic drainage

A

-drainage to the axillary nodes from above the umbilicus and to the superficial inguinal nodes below the umbilicus

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18
Q

Deep lymphatic drainage

A

-drainage to the external iliac, common iliac, and lumbar nodes

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19
Q

The inguinal canal

A

-clinically important passageway for structures between abdominal and pelvic regions

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20
Q

What are the 2 inguinal rings

A

-superficial inguinal ring
-deep inguinal ring

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21
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

-opening in external oblique aponeurosis
-superior to pubic tubercle

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22
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

-invagination of tranversalis fascia
-superior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

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23
Q

Male contents of inguinal canal

A

-spermatic cord

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24
Q

Female contents of inguinal canal

A

-round ligament

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25
Ilioinguinal nerve passage
-passes through canal exiting through the superficial inguinal ring
26
What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply in males
-skin of adjacent upper thigh -skin of upper scrotum -root of the penis
27
What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply in females
-skin of adjacent upper thigh -skin of upper labia majora -skin of mons pubis
28
Inguinal hernia
-occurs when contents of the abdominal cavity protrude into the inguinal canal
29
Where does inguinal hernia commonly occur in males
-in inguinal canal where spermatic cord enters scrotum
30
Where does inguinal hernia commonly happen in females
-where the round ligament of the uterus attaches to the tissue surrounding the pubic bone
31
Major superior muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
-larger right cura -smaller left cura
32
Larger right cura
-originates from the bodies of L1-3
33
Smaller left cura
-originates from bodies of L1-2
34
Major inferior muscles of the posterior abdominal wall
-psoas major -iliacus -quadratus lumborum
35
Iliopsoas muscle origin and insertion
-origin: lumbar vertebrae -insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur
36
Quadratus lumborum origin and insertion
-origin: iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae -insertion: rib 12
37
Tight quadratus lumborum
-when muscles on one side of abdominal wall becomes tight it may lift the corresponding side of one's pelvis causing a misalignment
38
Tight quadratus lumborum symptoms
-limited reaching and breathing -back pain
39
Lumbar plexus formation
-formed in psoas major muscle from ventral rami of spinal nerves 1-4
40
Nerves of the lumbar plexus
-iliohypogastric -ilioinguinal -genitofemoral -lateral femoral cutaneous -femoral -obturator -lumbosacral trunk
41
Iliohypogastric nerve roots
-L1
42
Iliohypogastric nerve innervation
- skin and muscles of lower abdominal wall
43
Ilioinguinal nerve roots
-L1
44
Ilioinguinal nerve innervation
-skin of upper medial thigh -root of penis -anterior scrotum -skin of mons pubis -labium majus
45
Genitofemoral nerve roots
-L1 & 2
46
Genitofemoral nerve division
-divides into genital and femoral branches
47
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve roots
-L2 & 3
48
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervation
-skin of anterolateral thigh
49
Femoral nerve roots
-L2-4
50
Femoral nerve innervation
-muscles of thigh and hip -knee joints -skin of anterior thigh
51
Obturator nerve roots
-L2-4
52
Obturator nerve innervation
-medial compartment of thigh -hip -knee joints -skin of medial thigh
53
Lumbosacral trunk roots
-L4 & 5
54
Lumbosacral trunk formation
-joins S1-4 to form sacral plexus
55
Femoral nerve entrapment
-pinching of the femoral nerve
56
Femoral nerve entrapment symptoms
-pain -numbness -weakness along front of thigh
57
Most common cause of femoral nerve entrapment
-disc herniation at level L2/3 or L3/4
58
What is neuropathy
-the damage or dysfunction of nerves
59
Autonomic system divisions
-sympathetic -parasympathetic
60
Sympathetic nerves
-lumbar sympathetic trunk runs down posterior abdominal wall lateral to the vertebral column
61
Parasympathetic nerves
-branches of left and right vagus nerves called "vagal trunks" carry parasympathetic fibres to aortic plexus
62
Pelvic splanchnic nerve roots
-S2-4
63
What do pelvic splanchnic nerves carry
-parasympathetic fibres to the superior hypogastric plexus
64
Parts of the autonomic plexus
-aortic (prevertebral) plexus -superior hypogastric plexus
65
Aortic (prevertebral) plexus innervation
-stomach -small and large intestine -kidneys
66
What is the aortic (prevertebral) plexus associated with
-prevertebal ganglia
67
Superior hypogastric plexus innervation
-uterus -prostate -bladder -rectum -perineum
68
Diabetic gastroparesis
-impaired innervation to abdominal viscera, dysmotility can result
69
Diabetic gastroparesis symptoms
-bloating -abdominal pain -nausea -vomiting
70
Abdominal aorta
-after passing through the aortic hiatus, the aorta is considered this
71
At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate
-level L4/5
72
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into
-left and right common iliac arteries
73
What do the left and right common iliac arteries bifurcate into
-external iliac and internal iliac arteries
74
Aortic dissection (tear)
-trauma to abdominal aorta could result in a weakened abdominal aorta tearing or rupturing
75
Aortic dissection (tear) symptoms
-abdominal pain -weakness -fainting
76
Who is at higher risk of an aortic dissection
-those with a history of hypertension
77
Anterior unpaired visceral branches of aorta
-celiac artery -superior mesenteric artery -inferior mesenteric artery
78
Celiac artery level
-T12
79
Celiac artery branches
-left gastric -common hepatic -splenic
80
Celiac artery innervation
-foregut structures
81
Superior mesenteric artery level
-L1
82
Superior mesenteric artery branches
-inferior pancreaticoduodenal -jejunal -ileal -middle and right colic
83
Superior mesenteric artery innervation
-midgut structures
84
Inferior mesenteric artery level
-L3
85
Inferior mesenteric artery branches
-left colic -sigmoidal -superior rectal (hemorrhoidal)
86
Inferior mesenteric artery innervation
-hindgut structures
87
Lateral paired visceral branches of aorta
-suprarenal -renal -gonadal
88
Types of suprarenal arteries
-right and left
89
Suprarenal arteries level
-L1
90
Types of renal arteries
-right and left
91
Renal arteries level
-between L1 and L2
92
Types of gonadal arteries
-right and left
93
Gonadal arteries level
-L2
94
Posterior parietal branches of aorta
-right and left inferior phrenic -lumbar
95
Right and left inferior phrenic arteries location
-just below aortic hiatus near beginning of abdominal aorta
96
Right and left inferior phrenic arteries innervation
-inferior surface of diaphragm
97
Lumbar arteries location
-four pairs that run in series with intercostal arteries
98
Lumbar arteries innveration
-posterior abdominal wall
99
Splenic artery infarction
-condition where splenic artery is obstructed
100
Splenic artery infarction symptoms
-severe pain in upper left quadrant of abdomen that is usually slow to develop
101
Inferior vena cava formation
-formed by union of right and left common iliac veins at L5
102
Inferior vena cava tributaries
-right left renal veins -hepatic veins -inferior phrenic veins -lumbar veins -left suprarenal veins -right gonadal veins
103
Inferior vena cava syndrome
-obstruction of inferior vena cava due to compression and/or infarction of major tributaries
104
Inferior vena cava syndrome symptoms
-edema below diaphragm -blood clot or tumour
105
Layers of the peritoneum
-parietal -visceral
106
Parietal peritoneum
-lines inferior surface of diaphragm, abdominal walls, and forms over pelvic viscera
107
Visceral peritoneum
-covers organs so when their visceral surfaces are in contact with each other or with parietal peritoneum, the serous fluid between the surfaces allows free movement
108
Peritonitis
-inflammation of peritoneum caused by bacterial infection
109
Peritonitis symptoms
-abdominal pain -weight loss -tenderness of abdomen
110
Peritoneal folds
-omenta -mesenteries
111
Omenta
-large double folds of peritoneum consisting of greater and lesser
112
Greater omenta
-hanging below the stomach
113
Lesser omenta
-hanging between stomach and liver
114
Omenta purpose
-helps to cushion the intestines and act as a protective barrier for infection and trauma of underlying abdominal organs
115
Mesenteries
-double folds of peritoneum anchor abdominal organs to posterior abdominal wall, helping keep the organs in place while still allowing for some mobility
116
Different types of peritoneal organs
-intraperitoneal -retroperitoneal
117
Intraperitoneal
-almost completely covered by peritoneum
118
Retroperitoneal
-found behind peritoneum and only covered anteriorlu
119
Peritoneal sac
-space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum
120
Sacs of the peritoneal cavity
-greater sac -lesser sac
121
Greater sac of the peritoneum
-extends from diaphragm to pelvis
122
Lesser sac of the peritoneum
-lies behind stomach, extending upward to diaphragm, downward between layers of greater omentum, as far left as the spleen, and to the right
123
Innervation of the parietal peritoneum
-network of nerves including the phrenic, lower intercostal nerves, and several others
124
Innervation of the visceral peritoneum
-visceral sensory nerves that accompany autonomic nerves
125
Parietal peritoneum pain sensitivity
-well localized sensitivity to pain
126
Visceral peritoneum pain sensitivity
-pain is poorly localized
127
Reactive lymphadenopathy
-occurs when lymph nodes become swollen due to an immune response from lymphocytes
128
Reactive lympadenopathy symptoms
-tenderness -pain -warmth upon touch of affected lymph nodes
129
Pre-aortic lymph nodes location
-located on anterior surface of aorta in close proximity to major unpaired branches of aorta
130
Pre-aortic lymph nodes drainage
-drain lymph from foregut, midgut, and hindgut structures
131
Para-aortic lymph nodes location
-along length of aorta, on right and left sides
132
Para-aortic lymph nodes drainage
-drain lymph from posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters, gonads, uterus, and uterine tubes

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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