Module 5: The Back and Axilla

Question 1

Parts of the sacrum

Answer 1

-sacral canal
-sacral foramina
-sacral cornua
-promontory

Question 2

Sacral canal

Answer 2

-continuation of vertebral canal terminating at sacral hiatus

Question 3

Sacral foramina

Answer 3

-located lateral to fused sacral bodies on both anterior and posterior surface

Question 4

How many sacral foramina are there

Answer 4

-4

Question 5

Sacral cornua

Answer 5

-2 bony processes that can be palpated by clinicians as an anatomical landmark

Question 6

Promontory

Answer 6

-upper border articulates with L5 vertebral body
-it projects forwards, decreasing the anteroposterior diameter of pelvic brim

Question 7

Why is promontory considered important in women

Answer 7

-to measure size of pelvis

Question 8

The coccyx

Answer 8

-composed of 4 fused rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae, which articulate with sacrum superior at sacrococcygeal joint

Question 9

What happens at coccyx when sitting

Answer 9

-small and variable amount of flexion and extension occurs at sacrococcygeal joint

Question 10

What happens to vertebral foramina going further down column

Answer 10

-they get smaller

Question 11

Accessory ligaments of the vertebral column

Answer 11

-ligamentum flavum
-anterior longitudinal ligament
-posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 12

Function of accessory ligaments of vertebral column

Answer 12

-flexion and extension of back

Question 13

Lumbar spinal stenosis

Answer 13

-narrowing of vertebral canal in lumbar region
-may be caused by extra bone and/or tissue growth in vertebral canal from calcification of ligamentum flavum

Question 14

Lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms

Answer 14

-numbness and weakness in lower limb
-pain in lower back
-worse with weight bearing
-relieved when bending forward

Question 15

Extrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 15

-latissimus dorsi
-trapezius
-rhomboid minor
-levator scapulae
-rhomboid major

Question 16

Parts of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 16

-thoracolumbar fascia
-insertion point

Question 17

Thoracolumbar fascia of latissimus dorsi

Answer 17

-made form multiple crosshatched layers of collagen, plays an important role in stabilization and load transfer

Question 18

Insertion point of latissimus dorsi

Answer 18

-intertubucular sulcus (bicipital groove) of humerus

Question 19

Latissimus dorsi strain

Answer 19

-can be caused by overuse

Question 20

Who is at higher risk of latissimus dorsi strain

Answer 20

-those with poor posture

Question 21

Latissimus dorsi strain symptoms

Answer 21

-lower back pain that radiates to scapula
-pain and discomfort with lateral flexion of back
-as well as with extension, adduction, or rotation of arm

Question 22

Erector spinae muscles

Answer 22

-iliocostalis
-longissimus
-spinalis

Question 23

Iliocostalis

Answer 23

-most lateral

Question 24

Longissimus

Answer 24

-middle

Question 25

Spinalis

Answer 25

-most medial

Question 26

Divisions of the iliocostalis muscle

Answer 26

-cervicis -thoracis -lumborum

Question 27

Where would pain be felt for an iliocostalis muscle strain

Answer 27

-along medial border of scapula and posterior thorx -anterior thorax is strained muscle irritates underlying intercostal nerves -can also be felt in the sacroiliac region

Question 28

The axilla

Answer 28

-armpit

Question 29

Axilla function

Answer 29

-passageway for major nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave upper limbs

Question 30

Borders of axilla

Answer 30

-anterior wall -posterior wall -medial wall -lateral wall -apex -base

Question 31

Anterior wall of axilla

Answer 31

-pectoralis major

Question 32

Posterior wall of axilla

Answer 32

-subscapularis -latissimus dorsi -teres major

Question 33

Medial wall of axilla

Answer 33

-serratus anterior

Question 34

Lateral wall of axilla

Answer 34

-intertubercular surface of humerus

Question 35

Apex of axilla

Answer 35

-base of neck

Question 36

Base of axilla

Answer 36

-skin of armpit

Question 37

Contents of the axilla

Answer 37

-axillary lymph nodes

Question 38

Axillary lymph nodes function

Answer 38

-drain the breast

Question 39

The brachial plexus parts

Answer 39

-roots -trunks -divisions -cords -branches

Question 40

Roots of the brachial plexus

Answer 40

-ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1

Question 41

Trunks of the brachial plexus

Answer 41

-superior -middle -inferior

Question 42

Divisions of the brachial plexus

Answer 42

-each trunk branches into 6 divisions -3 anterior and 3 posterior

Question 43

Cords of the brachial plexus

Answer 43

-after divisions enter the axilla, they combine together to form 3 cords -named by position -medial, lateral, and posterior

Question 44

Branches of brachial plexus

Answer 44

-musculocutaneous -radial -axillary -ulnar -median

Question 45

Musculocutanous nerve

Answer 45

-motor innervation of anterior compartment -flexion

Question 46

Radial nerve

Answer 46

-motor innervation of posterior compartment -extension

Question 47

Axillary nerve

Answer 47

-motor innervation to deltoid (abduction) and teres minor (lat rotation)

Question 48

Ulnar nerve

Answer 48

-motor innervation of 2 muscles of anterior compartment of forearm and most intrinsic muscles of hand

Question 49

Median nerve

Answer 49

-motor innervation of most of anterior compartment of forearm as well as 5 intrinsic muscles of hand

Question 50

Arterial supply of the upper limb

Answer 50

-subclavian artery -axillary artery -brachial artery -radial and ulnar artery

Question 51

What is the clinical application of the radial pulse

Answer 51

-can check the pulse at the wrist

Question 52

Axillary artery damage symptoms

Answer 52

-bruising caused by pooling of blood under skin -swelling/redness -elevated temperature -weak pulse

Question 53

Venous drainage of the upper limb

Answer 53

-radial vein -ulnar vein -cephalic vein -basilic vein -medial cubital vein -brachial vein -axillary vein

Question 54

Radial vein

Answer 54

-drains blood from structures of palm and lateral aspect of forearm

Question 55

Ulnar vein

Answer 55

-drains blood from deep structures of palm and medial aspect of forearm

Question 56

Cephalic vein

Answer 56

-ascends on lateral anterior forearm and arm to drain into axillary vein

Question 57

Basilic vein

Answer 57

-ascends on medial side of forearm and arm to become axillary vein

Question 58

Medial cubital vein

Answer 58

-connects basilic and cephalic veins and is often site of venipuncture for drawing blood

Question 59

Brachial vein

Answer 59

-receives blood from radial and ulnar veins and drains into axillary vein

Question 60

Axillary vein

Answer 60

-continuation of basilic vein becomes subclavian vein as it crosses lateral border of first rib