Module 7: The Skeleton and Joints Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
80 Bones Skull Vertebrae Ribs Hyoid bone Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton
126 Bones
Upper and lower extremities
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle
Skull (cranial bones)
1 frontal (forehead) 2 parietal (top and sides of skull) 2 temporal (temple region) 1 occipital (rear of skull)
Skull (facial bones)
2 nasal 2 maxillae (upper lip) 1 mandible (jaw) 2 zygomatic (cheek bones)
Hyoid Bone
Only bone in body that does not join with any other bone
Purpose is to provide a movable base for the tongue
Ear Bones
2 malleus - hammer
2 incus - anvil
2 stapes - stirrup
Vertebrae
7 cervical (C1-C7) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 fused sacral bones (sacrum) 4 fused coccygeal bones (coccyx/tailbone)
Sternum
consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
Ribs
24 (12 pairs)
Each pair articulate with one of the 12 thoracic vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle (shoulder girdle)
Scapula and clavicle
Attaches upper extremities to axial skeleton
Pelvic Girdle (hip)
2 hipbones unite anteriorly at the pubic symphysis; and posteriorly at the sacrum
Hipbone formed of ilium, pubis and ischium
Provides strong and stable support for lower extremities
Upper extremities
Humerus (upper arm) Radius (lower lateral arm) Ulna (lower medial arm) Carpals (8 wrist bones) Metacarpals (5 hand bones) Phalanges (14 fingers bones)
Lower extremities
Femur (upper leg bone) Patella (kneecap) Tibia (lower medial leg bone/shin) Fibula (lower lateral leg bone) Tarsals (7 ankle bones) Metetarsals (5 foot bones) Phalanges (14 toe bones)
Fibrous joints
Structural classification Fibrous tissue No joint cavity between bones Suture Joints most common Syndesmoses and gomphoses are 2 other types
Cartilaginous Joints
Structural classification
Bones joined by cartilage
No joint cavity
Synchondroses and symphyses are 2 types
Synovial joints
Structural classification
bones separated by a fluid-containing cavity
Most joints are this kind
Synarthrosis
Functional classification of joints
Immovable joint
Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
Amphiarthrosis
Functional classification of joints
Slightly movable joint
Separated by cartilage
Diathrosis (synovial joints)
Functional classification of joints
Freely moveable joine
Most joints are this type
4 things synovial joints consist of
Articular cartilage (surface of each end of the joining bones) Joint Capsule (fibrous connective tissue encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering) Synovial Membrane (line Inner surfaces of joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid into cavity) Synovial Fluid (eases friction)
Types of synovial joints (6)
Plane (wrist, ankle bones) Hinge (elbow, fingers, toes) Pivot (proximal radioulnar joints) Condyloid (metacarpophalangeal joints/knuckles) Saddle (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) Ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
Flexion
type of synovial joint movement
Bending of a joint that decreases the angle
Extension
type of synovial joint movement
Straightening of a joint that increases angle
Plantar flexion
type of synovial joint movement
Pointing your toe
Dorsiflexion
type of synovial joint movement
Lifting your foot towards your leg
Hyperextension
type of synovial joint movement
Overextending a joint beyond normal straightened position
Abduction
type of synovial joint movement
Movement away from midline of body
Adduction
type of synovial joint movement
Movement towards the midline of the body
Inversion
type of synovial joint movement
Turning sole of foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot
Eversion
type of synovial joint movement
Turning the sole of your for outwards, away from your body
Supination
type of synovial joint movement
Turning your hand so that the palm faces upward
Pronation
type of synovial joint movement
Turning your hand so that the palm faces downward
Circumduction
type of synovial joint movement
Combination of movements
