Module 2: Chemical Foundation of the Body Flashcards
Atom
smallest particle of an element showing properties of that element
Electron shell
where electrons are contained, Innermost shell has 2 electrons, each shell after that has up to 8 (trying to fill it)
More electrons an atom is missing = more reactive
Ions
Atoms that have either gained or lost an electron # of electrons have changed, # of protons in nucleus has not changed lose of e- = positive charge gain of e- = negative charge
Ionic Bond
attraction of a positive ion to a negative one
Bond formed by transfer of electron to complete outer shell
Covalent Bond
bond formed by sharing electrons between two atoms
No electrons gained or lost so bond is strong and stable
Hydrogen Bond
Bond formed between a molecule with hydrogen and an “electron hungry” molecule
No transfer or sharing of electrons = weak bond
Responsible for 3D molecule shapes
Inorganic Compound
Does not contain carbon
Includes: Water, salts, many acids and bases
Water
60-80% of living cells Molecules are attracted to each other (by Hydrogen) Idea for supporting life Ability to dissolve other chemicals Participates in chemical reactions Thermal stability
pH
based on number of hydrogen ions in solution
pH7 = base
Higher [H+] = lower pH
Acid
Molecules that release hydrogen in water
pH
Base
Molecules that accept hydrogen ions
pH>7
Organic Compounds
Contain Carbon
Covalent bonds
Include: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Water soluble
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen BUT ratio or hydrogen to oxygen is high
Fats - not soluble in water
Proteins
Built of amino acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Some are water soluble
Includes enzymes
Denaturation
protein exposed to extreme heat or pH
protein shape undergoes a change in conformation
Nucleotides
contain a carbon-nitrogen ring, a simple carb, and phosphate groups
Includes ATP
ATP
composed of :nitrogen-containing base “Adenine”
- simple sugar “ribose”
- 3 phosphate groups
ATP is immediately usable energy
Atomic number
number of protons in nucleus of an atom
Mass number
sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus
Free radical
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in outer shell
Valence shell
Outermost shell of electrons
Cation
positively charged
Anion
Negatively charged
Nonpolar covalent bond
two atoms share the electrons equally
Polar covalent bond
Sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal
One atom attracts the electrons more than the other
Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Only converted to another form
Exergonic Reactions
Ex=out
release more energy than they absorb
Endergonic Reactions
Absorb more energy than they release
Synthesis reactions
AKA Anabolism
Usually endergonic
A + B = AB
Decomposition reactions
AKA Catabolism
Usually exergonic
AB = A + B
Exchange reactions
Both synthesis and decomposition in one
AB + CD = AC + BD
Reversible reactions
Products can revert to original reactants
Oxidation
Lose of an electron
Reduction
Gain of electron
Hydrolysis
water to loosen or break apart large molecules (ex. digestion)
Dehydration Synthesis reaction
when 2 molecules combine and the result is 1 molecule + H2O
Buffer
chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into wear ones
