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Anatomy & Physiology MB > Module 2: Chemical Foundation of the Body > Flashcards

Module 2: Chemical Foundation of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

smallest particle of an element showing properties of that element

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2
Q

Electron shell

A

where electrons are contained, Innermost shell has 2 electrons, each shell after that has up to 8 (trying to fill it)
More electrons an atom is missing = more reactive

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3
Q

Ions

A 
Atoms that have either gained or lost an electron
# of electrons have changed, # of protons in nucleus has not changed
lose of e- = positive charge
gain of e- = negative charge
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4
Q

Ionic Bond

A

attraction of a positive ion to a negative one

Bond formed by transfer of electron to complete outer shell

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5
Q

Covalent Bond

A

bond formed by sharing electrons between two atoms

No electrons gained or lost so bond is strong and stable

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6
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Bond formed between a molecule with hydrogen and an “electron hungry” molecule
No transfer or sharing of electrons = weak bond
Responsible for 3D molecule shapes

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7
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

Does not contain carbon

Includes: Water, salts, many acids and bases

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8
Q

Water

A 
60-80% of living cells
Molecules are attracted to each other (by Hydrogen)
Idea for supporting life
Ability to dissolve other chemicals
Participates in chemical reactions
Thermal stability
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9
Q

pH

A

based on number of hydrogen ions in solution
pH7 = base
Higher [H+] = lower pH

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10
Q

Acid

A

Molecules that release hydrogen in water

pH

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11
Q

Base

A

Molecules that accept hydrogen ions

pH>7

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12
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Contain Carbon
Covalent bonds
Include: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleotides

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Water soluble

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14
Q

Lipids

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen BUT ratio or hydrogen to oxygen is high
Fats - not soluble in water

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15
Q

Proteins

A

Built of amino acids (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
Some are water soluble
Includes enzymes

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16
Q

Denaturation

A

protein exposed to extreme heat or pH

protein shape undergoes a change in conformation

17
Q

Nucleotides

A

contain a carbon-nitrogen ring, a simple carb, and phosphate groups
Includes ATP

18
Q

ATP

A

composed of :nitrogen-containing base “Adenine”
- simple sugar “ribose”
- 3 phosphate groups
ATP is immediately usable energy

19
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus of an atom

20
Q

Mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus

21
Q

Free radical

A

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in outer shell

22
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell of electrons

23
Q

Cation

A

positively charged

24
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged

25
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

two atoms share the electrons equally

26
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal

One atom attracts the electrons more than the other

27
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Only converted to another form

28
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Ex=out

release more energy than they absorb

29
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Absorb more energy than they release

30
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

AKA Anabolism
Usually endergonic
A + B = AB

31
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

AKA Catabolism
Usually exergonic
AB = A + B

32
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Both synthesis and decomposition in one

AB + CD = AC + BD

33
Q

Reversible reactions

A

Products can revert to original reactants

34
Q

Oxidation

A

Lose of an electron

35
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electron

36
Q

Hydrolysis

A

water to loosen or break apart large molecules (ex. digestion)

37
Q

Dehydration Synthesis reaction

A

when 2 molecules combine and the result is 1 molecule + H2O

38
Q

Buffer

A

chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into wear ones

Anatomy & Physiology MB (19 decks)

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