Module 1: Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Anatomy
science of body structures and the relationships among them
dissection
careful cutting apart of body structures to study
Physiology
the science of body functions
Embryology
first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Developmental biology
complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell biology
Cellular structure and function
Histology
study of microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy
Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy
Structure of specific systems of the body
ex. nervous, respiratory system
Regional anatomy
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Surface anatomy
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation
Pathological anatomy
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease
Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology
Hormones and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular physiology
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology
The body defences against disease-causing agents
Respiratory physiology
Functions of the air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology
Functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology
changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Pathophysiology
Functional changes associated with disease and aging
Levels of structural organization (Small-high)
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
Chemical level (simplest)
Interactions and combinations of atoms
Cellular Level
Combinations of molecules forming cells
Tissue Level
Similar cells working together to perform a similar function
Organ Level
Several types of tissue that work together to perform a similar function
System Level
Several organs that each have a specific function int he overall activity of a body system
Organismal Level (highest)
All the body systems
11 Major systems
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive
Integumentary System
Skin, accessory organs (hair, nails, sweat glands)
Regulates body temp
Skeletal System
Bones of the skeleton and associated cartilage
Protects/supports organs, forms blood cells, stores minerals
Muscular System
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
Produces movement, body heat
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves
Coordinates body actives through rapid activation of muscles and glands
Endocrine System
Ductless Grands that secrete hormones
Regulates metabolism and chemical reactions
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels
Transport nutrients, gases
Lymphatic/immune System
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
Returns extracellular fluid to the blood, defends against disease
Digestive System
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs
Respiratory System
Lungs and the tubes that bring air to and from the lungs
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Removes metabolic wastes, regulates fluid levels, acid-base levels
Reproductive System
Testes, glands, ducts, penis (Male)
Ovaries, ducts, uterus and vagina (female)
Homeostasis
In a state of equilibrium
Controlled by nervous and endocrine system
Negative feedback
opposes a change in the internal environment and causes a return to normal
Positive feedback
temporarily causes an increasing rate of events to occur until something stops the process
Correct Anatomical Position
Body is standing
Arms at sides
Palms forward; thumbs pointing away from body
Head and feet pointed forward
Supine position
Lying face up
Prone position
Lying face down
Superior
Above a structure; toward the head
Inferior
Below a structure; away from the head
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back
Medial
Toward the middle
Lateral
Away from the middle; towards the side
Intermediate
Between the side and middle
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body
Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body
Proximal
Closer to the origin
Distal
Farthest from the orgin
Superficial
Towards or at the body surface
Deep
Away from the body surface
Internal
Body Regions (2)
Axial
Appendicular
Axial
head, neck trunk (torso)
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs (arms, legs)
Sagittal plane
Vertical line that separates the body into left and right parts
Midsagittal (median) plane
Vertical line that separates the body into EQUAL left and right parts
Parasagittal plane
Vertical line that separates the body into UNEQUAL left and right parts
Frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical line that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
AKA cross sections
Horizontal line that separates the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts
Oblique plane
Diagonal line between the horizontal and vertical planes
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity (brain) Spinal cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic cavity (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, large blood vessels) separated on either side of the mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity (Stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, small/large intestine, rectum, bladder, internal reproductive organs)
Diaphragm
large muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Atoms
smallest unity of matter
Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
Metabolism
sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Catabolism
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
Anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
Basic Life processes
Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within the cells
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside body cells, Plasma in blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous humour and vitreous body (eye)
Interstitial fluid
ECF that fills narrow spaces between cells of tissues
Feedback system
system where body is monitored
1) Receptor - monitors changes and sends input
2) Control center - sets range of values for a controlled condition and outputs
3) Effector - structure that receives output and produces a response
Serous Membrane
slippery, double layered membrane associated with body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior
Pleura
Serous membrane of the lungs
Pericardium
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Peritoneum
Serous membrane over abdominal cavity
