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Clinical Anatomy > Module 7: Neck, Face, and Parotid > Flashcards

Module 7: Neck, Face, and Parotid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the deep cervical fascia?

A
  • investing fascia
  • pre-tracheal fascia
  • pre-vertebral fascia
  • carotid sheath
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the investing fascia?

A

extends from mastoid process & mandible to clavicle & acromion, and from nuchal ligament & spinous processes to the midline/sternum

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3
Q

What are the contents of the investing fascia?

A
  • encircles entire neck
  • surrounds the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and inferior portion of parotid gland
  • continuous with remainder of parotid fascia
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4
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A
  • common and internal carotid arteries
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the pre-vertebral fascia?

A
  • encircles vertebrae
  • extends lateral & anterior to levator scapulae, longus colli & capitis, and scalene muscles to form the floor of the posterior triangle
  • from base of skull to mediastinum; continuous with axillary sheath and anterior longitudinal ligament
  • defines boundary of retropharyngeal space
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6
Q

What are the contents of the pre-vertebral space?

A
  • deep neck flexor and extensor muscles (scalene muscles, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, longus capitis & colli, etc)
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7
Q

What are the contents of the pre-tracheal fascia?

A
  • infra hyoid muscles, thyroid gland, esophagus, trachea, thyroid cartilage
  • continuous with buccopharyngeal fascia
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8
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • digastric (anterior and posterior belly)
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • stylohyoid
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9
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • omohyoid (superior and inferior belly)
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
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10
Q

What are the OIANs of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

Origin: digastric fossa of mandible
Insert: intermediate tendon
Action: depression of mandible or elevation of hyoid
Nerve: mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve: CN V3 trigeminal

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11
Q

What are the OIANs of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

Origin: temporal mastoid notch
Insert: intermediate tendon and body and cornu of hyoid
Action: depression of mandible or elevation of hyoid
Nerve: CN VII Facial Nerve

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12
Q

What are the OIANs of the geniohyoid?

A

Origin: inferior genial tubercle of mandible
Insert: anterior aspect of body of hyoid
Action: elevation of tongue and hyoid or depress mandible
Nerve: ventral ramus of C1 via CN XII

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13
Q

What are the OIANs of the mylohyoid?

A

Origin: mylohyoid line of mandible
Insert: midline raphe & anterior aspect of body of hyoid
Action: elevation of floor of oral cavity
Nerve: mylohoid branch of inferior alveolar branch of CN V3 trigeminal

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14
Q

What are the OIANs of the stylohyoid?

A

origin: styloid process of temporal bone
insert: body of hyoid bone
action: elevation and retraction of hyoid
nerve: CN VII facial nerve

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15
Q

What are the OIANs of the omohyoid?

A

origin: superior border of scapula and scapular notch
insert: lateral aspect of hyoid passing through an intermediate tendon sling loosely associated with the clavicle and 1st rib
action: depression of hyoid
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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16
Q

What are the OIANs of the sternohyoid?

A

origin: posterior side of the proximal clavicle & adjacent manubrium
insert: inferior border of body of hyoid
action: depress hyoid
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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17
Q

What are the OIANSs of the sternothryoid?

A

origin: posterior aspect of manubrium & costal cartilage of 1st rib
insert: thryroid lamina
action: depression of the elevated larynx
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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18
Q

What are the OIANs of the thyrohyoid?

A

origin thyroid lamina
insert: greater horn of hyoid bone
action: depression of hyoid or elevation of thyroid cartilage
nerve: ventral ramus of C1 via CN XII

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19
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis?

A
  • omohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid innervated by C1 via CN XII
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20
Q

What are the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior and posterior triangles

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21
Q

What sub triangles are located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • submental
  • submandibular
  • carotid
  • muscular
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22
Q

What sub triangles are located in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • occipital
  • supraclavicular
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23
Q

What are the borders of the submandiubular triangle?

A
  • inferior mandible
  • superior border of posterior digastric
  • posterior border of anterior digastric
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24
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A
  • submandibular lymph nodes
  • submandibular gland
  • facial artery
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • mylohyoid nerve
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25
What are the borders of the carotid triangle?
- sup border SCM - inf border of posterior digastric - superior belly of omohyoid
26
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
- common carotid artery split - hypoglossal nerve CN XII - carotid sheath - ansa cervicalis
27
What are the borders of the submental triangle?
- hyoid bone - anterior digastric muscle - mandible
28
What are the contents of the submental triangle?
- submental lymph nodes - small veins
29
What are the borders of the muscular triangle?
- superior belly of omohyoid - SCM - midline of neck
30
What are the borders of the occipital triangle?
- ant border of trapezius - inferior belly of omohyoid - SCM
31
What are the contents of the occipital triangle?
- CN XI accessory nerve - trunks of brachial plexus
32
What are the borders of the supraclavicular triangle?
- inferior belly of omohyoid - SCM - clavicle
33
What are the contents of the supraclavicular triangle?
- thyrocervical trunk - subclavian artery
34
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
- inferior thyroid artery - ascending cervical artery - suprascapular artery - transverse cervical artery
35
What does it mean when we say C1 via CN XII
CN XII is large and sits on C1 branch of cervical plexus making it seem the nerves are coming from CN XII
36
What are the motor & sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
- suboccipital nerve - C1 via CN XII to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid - ansa cervicalis (C1-C3): sup omohyoid, inf omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid - phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
37
What are the strictly sensory branches of the cervical plexus?
- greater occipital nerve (C2) - lesser occipital nerve (C2) - great auricular nerve (C2-C3) - 3rd occipital nerve (C3) - supraclavicular nerve (C3-4) - transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
38
What infrahyoid muscle is innervated by the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?
superior belly of omohyoid
39
What infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?
- inferior belly of omohyoid - sternothyroid - sternohyoid
40
What are the branchial (pharyngeal) arches the origin of?
- head and neck structures
41
What are the names of the branchial arches?
- mandibular - hyoid - third - fourth - sixth fifth arch is reabsorbed
42
What are the muscles associated with the mandibular branchial arch?
- muscles of mastication - mylohyoid - ant belly of digastric
43
What nerve innervates the mandibular branchial arch muscles?
CN V3 trigeminal
44
What are the muscles associated with the hyoid branchial arch?
- facial expression muscles - post belly of digastric - stylohyoid
45
What nerve innervates the hyoid branchial arch muscles?
facial nerve CN VII
46
What is the muscle associated with the third branchial arch?
stylopharengeus
47
What nerve is innervates the muscle of the third branchial arch?
glossopharyngeal CN IX
48
What are the muscles associated with the fourth branchial arch?
- cricothyroid - inf phayrngeal constrictor
49
What nerves innervate the muscles of the fourth branchial arch?
- vagus nerve CN X - superior laryngeal
50
What is the muscle associated with the sixth branchial arch?
- intrinsic laryngeal
51
What nerves innervate the muscles of the sixth branchial arch?
- vagus nerve CN X - recurrent laryngeal
52
What is branchial motor axon function and how is it related to the function of cranial nerves?
- innervate skeletal muscle from branchial (pharyngeal) arches - specific CNs innervate these groups of muscles
53
What are the unique features of cervical vertebrae?
- bifid processes - uncinate processes - C1: atlas = ring of bone with no body or SP, articular facet of dens, superior articular surface articulates with condyles of skull) - C2: axis = dens - C7 = vertebra prominens - transverse foramina
54
What are the muscles of facial expression?
- buccinator - depressor anguli oris - depressor labii inferioris - frontalis - levator labii superioris - nasalis - orbicularis oculi - orbicularis oris - platysma - zygomaticus major
55
What are the OIANs of zygomaticus major?
origin: zygomatic bone insert: angle of mouth action: raises angles of mouth (smiling) nerve: buccal & zygomatic branches of facial nerve CN VII
56
What are the OIANs of platysma?
origin: lower border of mandible insert: superficial fascia of skin of the neck overlying clavicle action: wrinkles the anterior nuchal skin (tension or stress) nerve: cervical branch of facial nerve CN VII
57
What are the OIANs of orbicularis oris?
origin: angle of mouth insert: superficial fascia of upper lip action: oral sphincter (closes mouth, kissing/pucker lips) Nerve: buccal and mandibular branches of facial nerve CN VII
58
What are the OIANs of obicularis oculi?
origin: oribital margin & medial palpebral ligament insert: superficial fascia of eyelid action: a palpebral sphincter (closes eye, wink) nerve: temporal & zygomatic branches of facial n CN VII
59
What are the OIANs of nasalis?
origin: maxilla lateral and inferior to nasal notch insert: bridge & ala of nose action: transverse fibers compress & alar fiber widen the nasal aperture (nose flare during anger or exertion) nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve CN VII
60
What are the OIANs of levator labii superioris?
origin: inferior orbital margin insert: lateral aspect of upper lip action: raise and evert upper lip nerve: buccal & zygomatic branch of facial nerve CN VII
61
What are the OIANs of frontalis?
origin: superficial fascia of eyebrows insert: epicranial aponeurosis action: protracts scalp or elevates eyebrows (surprise or curiosity) nerve: temporal branch of facial nerve CN VII
62
What are the OIANs of depressor labii inferioris?
origin: oblique line of mandible insert: skin of lower lip action: depress lower lip (pouting, sadness) nerve: mandibular branch of facial nerve CN VII
63
What are the OIANs of depressor anguli oris?
origin: mandible insert: angle of mouth action: depresses angle of mouth lateral (frown, sadness) nerve: buccal & mandibular branch of facial nerve CN VII
64
What are the OIANs of the buccinator?
origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygoid hamulus, and pterygomandibular raphe insert: angle of mouth action: compresses cheek (blowing) nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve CN VII
65
Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve?
- buccinator - depressor anguli oris - levator labii superioris - nasalis - orbicularis oris - zygomaticus major
66
Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by mandibular branch of the facial nerve?
- depressor anguli oris - depressor labii inferioris - orbicularis oris
67
Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?
- levator labii superioris - orbicularis oculi - zygomaticus major
68
What craniofacial muscles are innervated by the temporal branch of the facial nerve?
- frontalis - orbicularis oculi
69
What muscle is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve?
platysma
70
What muscle is involved in surprise (eyebrow raise)?
- frontalis
71
What muscle controls winking?
orbicularis oculi
72
What muscles control nose flare (anger)?
- nasalis - levator labii superioris
73
What muscles control puffing the cheeks?
- orbicularis oris - buccinator
74
What muscle control smiling?
- zygomatic major
75
What craniofacial muscles control sadness?
- levator labii superioris - depressor labii inferioris - depressor anguli oris
76
What craniofacial muscle controls lip puckering?
orbicularis oris
77
What craniofacial muscle controls frowning?
depressor anguli oris
78
What craniofacial muscle controls pouting?
depressor labii inferioris
79
What craniofacial muscle controls blowing?
buccinator
80
What craniofacial muscle controls conveying tension or stress?
platysma
81
What are the parasinuses of the skull and their location?
- maxillary sinus: maxillary bones - ethmoid sinus: ethmoid bone - frontal sinus: frontal bone - sphenoidal sinus: sphenoid bone
82
What is another name for the orbit of the skull?
quadrilateral pyramid
83
What are the walls of the orbit?
- roof (superior) - medial wall - floor (inferior) - lateral wall
84
What are the bones that form the roof of the orbit?
- frontal - lesser wing of sphenoid bone
85
What are the bones that form the medial wall of the orbit?
- lacrimal bone - ethmoid bone
86
What are the bones that form the floor of the orbit?
- maxilla - zygomatic bone
87
What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?
- greater wing of sphenoid bone - zygomatic bone
88
What are the openings of the orbit?
- optic canal - superior orbital + inferior orbital fissures
89
What are the contents of the orbit?
- eyeball (globe) - vessels - nerves - muscles - orbital fat - connective tissue
90
What are the branches of the facial nerve?
- temporal - zygomatic - buccal - mandibular - cervical
91
What happens when there is a direct impact n the orbit?
- blow out fracture - orbital fat has no where to go anteriorly or posteriorly - goes through floor of orbit due to the bone being thin - causes problems with the maxillary sinus
92
What is the terminal branch of the common carotid artery?
superficial temporal artery
93
What lymph nodes drain into the superior deep cervical lymph node?
- retropharyngeal - occipital - mastoid - parotid - facial - submandibular
94
What lymph nodes drain into the inferior deep cervical lymph node?
- superior deep cervical - submental - lateral cervical - anterior cervical - infrahyoid - pre laryngeal - pre tracheal - paratracheal
95
What lymph node drains into the submandibular lymph node?
submental
96
Where does the inferior deep cervical lymph node drain into and end up?
- drains into thoracic duct through left jugular trunk then goes to the left jugulosubclavian junction
97
What type of bleeding occurs in the epidural space?
- arterial: middle meningeal artery
98
What type of bleeding occurs in the subdural space?
venous: slower progression
99
What type of bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space?
- arterial: most immediately harmful
100
Where is the dural sinus?
- between pariosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater
101
What are the OIANs of longus capitis?
origin: anterior tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebra insert: basilar occipital bone action: flexion of head and neck ipsilateral rotation nerve: ventral rami C1-C3
102
What are the OIANs of longus Colli?
origin: body of cervical vertebrae insert: body of cervical vertebrae and transverse processes action: flexion, lateral flexion of neck, ipsilateral rotation nerve: ventral rami C2-C7
103
What are the OIANs of the anterior scalene?
origin: anterior tubercles of middle cervical vertebrae insert: scalene tubercle of 1st rib action: elevation of 1st rib (forced inspiration) and flexion, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of neck nerve: lower ventral rami of cervical spinal nerve
104
What are the OIANs of the middle scalene?
origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae insert: 1st rib action: elevation of rib (forced inspiration) and lateral flexion & contralateral flexion of neck nerve: lower ventral rami of spinal nerve
105
What are the OIANs of the posterior scalene?
origin: lower cervical transverse processes insert: 2nd rib action: elevation of the rib (forced inspiration) and lateral flexion & contralateral rotation of neck nerve: ventral rami of lower cervical spinal nerve
106
What are the OIANs of the sternocleidomastoid?
origin: lateral aspect of mastoid process & superior nuchal line insert: manubrium and medial 1/3 of clavicle action: flexion, ipsilateral rotation, and extension of head & neck, and contralateral rotation of head nerve: accessory nerve and C1,2
107
What are the extraocular muscles?
- inferior oblique - inferior rectus - levator palpebrae superioris - medial rectus - superior rectus - lateral rectus - superior oblique
108
What are the OIANs of superior oblique muscle of the eye?
origin: superomedial, posterior aspect of orbit insert: superolateral posterior aspect of sclera passing around the trochlea action: depression, abduction, intorsion of eye nerve: CN IV trochlear nerve
109
What are the OIANs of lateral rectus muscle of the eye?
origin: common tendinous ring insert: lateral aspect of sclera action: abduct eye nerve: CN VI abducens nerve
110
What are the OIANs of superior rectus muscle of the eye?
origin: common tendinous ring insert: superior aspect of sclera action: elevation, adduction, and intorsion of eye nerve: superior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve
111
What are the OIANs of medial rectus muscle of the eye?
origin: common tendinous ring insert: medial aspect of sclera action: adduction of eye nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor
112
What are the OIANs of levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eye?
origin: inferior aspect of lesser wing of the sphenoid insert: tarsus and skin of the upper action: elevation of upper lid nerve: superior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve
113
What are the OIANs of inferior rectus muscle of the eye?
origin: common tendinous ring insert: inferior aspect of the sclera action: depression, adduction, and extrusion of eye nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve
114
What are the OIANs of inferior oblique muscle of the eye?
origin: maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal groove insert: inferolateral, posterior aspect of sclera action: elevation, abduction, and extorision of the eye nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve

Clinical Anatomy (12 decks)

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