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Clinical Anatomy > Module 7: Neck, Face, and Parotid > Flashcards

Module 7: Neck, Face, and Parotid Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the deep cervical fascia?

A
  • investing fascia
  • pre-tracheal fascia
  • pre-vertebral fascia
  • carotid sheath
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the investing fascia?

A

extends from mastoid process & mandible to clavicle & acromion, and from nuchal ligament & spinous processes to the midline/sternum

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3
Q

What are the contents of the investing fascia?

A
  • encircles entire neck
  • surrounds the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and inferior portion of parotid gland
  • continuous with remainder of parotid fascia
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4
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A
  • common and internal carotid arteries
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the pre-vertebral fascia?

A
  • encircles vertebrae
  • extends lateral & anterior to levator scapulae, longus colli & capitis, and scalene muscles to form the floor of the posterior triangle
  • from base of skull to mediastinum; continuous with axillary sheath and anterior longitudinal ligament
  • defines boundary of retropharyngeal space
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6
Q

What are the contents of the pre-vertebral space?

A
  • deep neck flexor and extensor muscles (scalene muscles, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, longus capitis & colli, etc)
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7
Q

What are the contents of the pre-tracheal fascia?

A
  • infra hyoid muscles, thyroid gland, esophagus, trachea, thyroid cartilage
  • continuous with buccopharyngeal fascia
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8
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • digastric (anterior and posterior belly)
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • stylohyoid
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9
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • omohyoid (superior and inferior belly)
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid
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10
Q

What are the OIANs of the anterior belly of the digastric?

A

Origin: digastric fossa of mandible
Insert: intermediate tendon
Action: depression of mandible or elevation of hyoid
Nerve: mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve: CN V3 trigeminal

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11
Q

What are the OIANs of the posterior belly of the digastric?

A

Origin: temporal mastoid notch
Insert: intermediate tendon and body and cornu of hyoid
Action: depression of mandible or elevation of hyoid
Nerve: CN VII Facial Nerve

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12
Q

What are the OIANs of the geniohyoid?

A

Origin: inferior genial tubercle of mandible
Insert: anterior aspect of body of hyoid
Action: elevation of tongue and hyoid or depress mandible
Nerve: ventral ramus of C1 via CN XII

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13
Q

What are the OIANs of the mylohyoid?

A

Origin: mylohyoid line of mandible
Insert: midline raphe & anterior aspect of body of hyoid
Action: elevation of floor of oral cavity
Nerve: mylohoid branch of inferior alveolar branch of CN V3 trigeminal

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14
Q

What are the OIANs of the stylohyoid?

A

origin: styloid process of temporal bone
insert: body of hyoid bone
action: elevation and retraction of hyoid
nerve: CN VII facial nerve

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15
Q

What are the OIANs of the omohyoid?

A

origin: superior border of scapula and scapular notch
insert: lateral aspect of hyoid passing through an intermediate tendon sling loosely associated with the clavicle and 1st rib
action: depression of hyoid
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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16
Q

What are the OIANs of the sternohyoid?

A

origin: posterior side of the proximal clavicle & adjacent manubrium
insert: inferior border of body of hyoid
action: depress hyoid
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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17
Q

What are the OIANSs of the sternothryoid?

A

origin: posterior aspect of manubrium & costal cartilage of 1st rib
insert: thryroid lamina
action: depression of the elevated larynx
nerve: ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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18
Q

What are the OIANs of the thyrohyoid?

A

origin thyroid lamina
insert: greater horn of hyoid bone
action: depression of hyoid or elevation of thyroid cartilage
nerve: ventral ramus of C1 via CN XII

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19
Q

Which infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis?

A
  • omohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • thyrohyoid innervated by C1 via CN XII
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20
Q

What are the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior and posterior triangles

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21
Q

What sub triangles are located in the anterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • submental
  • submandibular
  • carotid
  • muscular
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22
Q

What sub triangles are located in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A
  • occipital
  • supraclavicular
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23
Q

What are the borders of the submandiubular triangle?

A
  • inferior mandible
  • superior border of posterior digastric
  • posterior border of anterior digastric
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24
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A
  • submandibular lymph nodes
  • submandibular gland
  • facial artery
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • mylohyoid nerve
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25
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A
  • sup border SCM
  • inf border of posterior digastric
  • superior belly of omohyoid
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26
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A
  • common carotid artery split
  • hypoglossal nerve CN XII
  • carotid sheath
  • ansa cervicalis
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27
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle?

A
  • hyoid bone
  • anterior digastric muscle
  • mandible
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28
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A
  • submental lymph nodes
  • small veins
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29
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle?

A
  • superior belly of omohyoid
  • SCM
  • midline of neck
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30
Q

What are the borders of the occipital triangle?

A
  • ant border of trapezius
  • inferior belly of omohyoid
  • SCM
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31
Q

What are the contents of the occipital triangle?

A
  • CN XI accessory nerve
  • trunks of brachial plexus
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32
Q

What are the borders of the supraclavicular triangle?

A
  • inferior belly of omohyoid
  • SCM
  • clavicle
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33
Q

What are the contents of the supraclavicular triangle?

A
  • thyrocervical trunk
  • subclavian artery
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34
Q

What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?

A
  • inferior thyroid artery
  • ascending cervical artery
  • suprascapular artery
  • transverse cervical artery
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35
Q

What does it mean when we say C1 via CN XII

A

CN XII is large and sits on C1 branch of cervical plexus making it seem the nerves are coming from CN XII

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36
Q

What are the motor & sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A
  • suboccipital nerve
  • C1 via CN XII to geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
  • ansa cervicalis (C1-C3): sup omohyoid, inf omohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid
  • phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
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37
Q

What are the strictly sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A
  • greater occipital nerve (C2)
  • lesser occipital nerve (C2)
  • great auricular nerve (C2-C3)
  • 3rd occipital nerve (C3)
  • supraclavicular nerve (C3-4)
  • transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
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38
Q

What infrahyoid muscle is innervated by the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A

superior belly of omohyoid

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39
Q

What infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A
  • inferior belly of omohyoid
  • sternothyroid
  • sternohyoid
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40
Q

What are the branchial (pharyngeal) arches the origin of?

A
  • head and neck structures
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41
Q

What are the names of the branchial arches?

A
  • mandibular
  • hyoid
  • third
  • fourth
  • sixth

fifth arch is reabsorbed

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42
Q

What are the muscles associated with the mandibular branchial arch?

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • mylohyoid
  • ant belly of digastric
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43
Q

What nerve innervates the mandibular branchial arch muscles?

A

CN V3 trigeminal

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44
Q

What are the muscles associated with the hyoid branchial arch?

A
  • facial expression muscles
  • post belly of digastric
  • stylohyoid
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45
Q

What nerve innervates the hyoid branchial arch muscles?

A

facial nerve CN VII

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46
Q

What is the muscle associated with the third branchial arch?

A

stylopharengeus

47
Q

What nerve is innervates the muscle of the third branchial arch?

A

glossopharyngeal CN IX

48
Q

What are the muscles associated with the fourth branchial arch?

A
  • cricothyroid
  • inf phayrngeal constrictor
49
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the fourth branchial arch?

A
  • vagus nerve CN X
  • superior laryngeal
50
Q

What is the muscle associated with the sixth branchial arch?

A
  • intrinsic laryngeal
51
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the sixth branchial arch?

A
  • vagus nerve CN X
  • recurrent laryngeal
52
Q

What is branchial motor axon function and how is it related to the function of cranial nerves?

A
  • innervate skeletal muscle from branchial (pharyngeal) arches
  • specific CNs innervate these groups of muscles
53
Q

What are the unique features of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • bifid processes
  • uncinate processes
  • C1: atlas = ring of bone with no body or SP, articular facet of dens, superior articular surface articulates with condyles of skull)
  • C2: axis = dens
  • C7 = vertebra prominens
  • transverse foramina
54
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A
  • buccinator
  • depressor anguli oris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • frontalis
  • levator labii superioris
  • nasalis
  • orbicularis oculi
  • orbicularis oris
  • platysma
  • zygomaticus major
55
Q

What are the OIANs of zygomaticus major?

A

origin: zygomatic bone
insert: angle of mouth
action: raises angles of mouth (smiling)
nerve: buccal & zygomatic branches of facial nerve CN VII

56
Q

What are the OIANs of platysma?

A

origin: lower border of mandible

insert: superficial fascia of skin of the neck overlying clavicle

action: wrinkles the anterior nuchal skin (tension or stress)

nerve: cervical branch of facial nerve CN VII

57
Q

What are the OIANs of orbicularis oris?

A

origin: angle of mouth

insert: superficial fascia of upper lip

action: oral sphincter (closes mouth, kissing/pucker lips)

Nerve: buccal and mandibular branches of facial nerve CN VII

58
Q

What are the OIANs of obicularis oculi?

A

origin: oribital margin & medial palpebral ligament

insert: superficial fascia of eyelid

action: a palpebral sphincter (closes eye, wink)

nerve: temporal & zygomatic branches of facial n CN VII

59
Q

What are the OIANs of nasalis?

A

origin: maxilla lateral and inferior to nasal notch

insert: bridge & ala of nose

action: transverse fibers compress & alar fiber widen the nasal aperture (nose flare during anger or exertion)

nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve CN VII

60
Q

What are the OIANs of levator labii superioris?

A

origin: inferior orbital margin

insert: lateral aspect of upper lip

action: raise and evert upper lip

nerve: buccal & zygomatic branch of facial nerve CN VII

61
Q

What are the OIANs of frontalis?

A

origin: superficial fascia of eyebrows

insert: epicranial aponeurosis

action: protracts scalp or elevates eyebrows (surprise or curiosity)

nerve: temporal branch of facial nerve CN VII

62
Q

What are the OIANs of depressor labii inferioris?

A

origin: oblique line of mandible

insert: skin of lower lip

action: depress lower lip (pouting, sadness)

nerve: mandibular branch of facial nerve CN VII

63
Q

What are the OIANs of depressor anguli oris?

A

origin: mandible

insert: angle of mouth

action: depresses angle of mouth lateral (frown, sadness)

nerve: buccal & mandibular branch of facial nerve CN VII

64
Q

What are the OIANs of the buccinator?

A

origin: alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygoid hamulus, and pterygomandibular raphe

insert: angle of mouth

action: compresses cheek (blowing)

nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve CN VII

65
Q

Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve?

A
  • buccinator
  • depressor anguli oris
  • levator labii superioris
  • nasalis
  • orbicularis oris
  • zygomaticus major
66
Q

Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by mandibular branch of the facial nerve?

A
  • depressor anguli oris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • orbicularis oris
67
Q

Which craniofacial muscles are innervated by the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?

A
  • levator labii superioris
  • orbicularis oculi
  • zygomaticus major
68
Q

What craniofacial muscles are innervated by the temporal branch of the facial nerve?

A
  • frontalis
  • orbicularis oculi
69
Q

What muscle is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

A

platysma

70
Q

What muscle is involved in surprise (eyebrow raise)?

A
  • frontalis
71
Q

What muscle controls winking?

A

orbicularis oculi

72
Q

What muscles control nose flare (anger)?

A
  • nasalis
  • levator labii superioris
73
Q

What muscles control puffing the cheeks?

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • buccinator
74
Q

What muscle control smiling?

A
  • zygomatic major
75
Q

What craniofacial muscles control sadness?

A
  • levator labii superioris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • depressor anguli oris
76
Q

What craniofacial muscle controls lip puckering?

A

orbicularis oris

77
Q

What craniofacial muscle controls frowning?

A

depressor anguli oris

78
Q

What craniofacial muscle controls pouting?

A

depressor labii inferioris

79
Q

What craniofacial muscle controls blowing?

A

buccinator

80
Q

What craniofacial muscle controls conveying tension or stress?

A

platysma

81
Q

What are the parasinuses of the skull and their location?

A
  • maxillary sinus: maxillary bones
  • ethmoid sinus: ethmoid bone
  • frontal sinus: frontal bone
  • sphenoidal sinus: sphenoid bone
82
Q

What is another name for the orbit of the skull?

A

quadrilateral pyramid

83
Q

What are the walls of the orbit?

A
  • roof (superior)
  • medial wall
  • floor (inferior)
  • lateral wall
84
Q

What are the bones that form the roof of the orbit?

A
  • frontal
  • lesser wing of sphenoid bone
85
Q

What are the bones that form the medial wall of the orbit?

A
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bone
86
Q

What are the bones that form the floor of the orbit?

A
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
87
Q

What bones form the lateral wall of the orbit?

A
  • greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • zygomatic bone
88
Q

What are the openings of the orbit?

A
  • optic canal
  • superior orbital + inferior orbital fissures
89
Q

What are the contents of the orbit?

A
  • eyeball (globe)
  • vessels
  • nerves
  • muscles
  • orbital fat
  • connective tissue
90
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve?

A
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • mandibular
  • cervical
91
Q

What happens when there is a direct impact n the orbit?

A
  • blow out fracture
  • orbital fat has no where to go anteriorly or posteriorly
  • goes through floor of orbit due to the bone being thin
  • causes problems with the maxillary sinus
92
Q

What is the terminal branch of the common carotid artery?

A

superficial temporal artery

93
Q

What lymph nodes drain into the superior deep cervical lymph node?

A
  • retropharyngeal
  • occipital
  • mastoid
  • parotid
  • facial
  • submandibular
94
Q

What lymph nodes drain into the inferior deep cervical lymph node?

A
  • superior deep cervical
  • submental
  • lateral cervical
  • anterior cervical
  • infrahyoid
  • pre laryngeal
  • pre tracheal
  • paratracheal
95
Q

What lymph node drains into the submandibular lymph node?

A

submental

96
Q

Where does the inferior deep cervical lymph node drain into and end up?

A
  • drains into thoracic duct through left jugular trunk then goes to the left jugulosubclavian junction
97
Q

What type of bleeding occurs in the epidural space?

A
  • arterial: middle meningeal artery
98
Q

What type of bleeding occurs in the subdural space?

A

venous: slower progression

99
Q

What type of bleeding occurs in the subarachnoid space?

A
  • arterial: most immediately harmful
100
Q

Where is the dural sinus?

A
  • between pariosteal and meningeal layer of dura mater
101
Q

What are the OIANs of longus capitis?

A

origin: anterior tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebra

insert: basilar occipital bone

action: flexion of head and neck ipsilateral rotation

nerve: ventral rami C1-C3

102
Q

What are the OIANs of longus Colli?

A

origin: body of cervical vertebrae

insert: body of cervical vertebrae and transverse processes

action: flexion, lateral flexion of neck, ipsilateral rotation

nerve: ventral rami C2-C7

103
Q

What are the OIANs of the anterior scalene?

A

origin: anterior tubercles of middle cervical vertebrae

insert: scalene tubercle of 1st rib

action: elevation of 1st rib (forced inspiration) and flexion, lateral flexion, and contralateral rotation of neck

nerve: lower ventral rami of cervical spinal nerve

104
Q

What are the OIANs of the middle scalene?

A

origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

insert: 1st rib

action: elevation of rib (forced inspiration) and lateral flexion & contralateral flexion of neck

nerve: lower ventral rami of spinal nerve

105
Q

What are the OIANs of the posterior scalene?

A

origin: lower cervical transverse processes

insert: 2nd rib

action: elevation of the rib (forced inspiration) and lateral flexion & contralateral rotation of neck

nerve: ventral rami of lower cervical spinal nerve

106
Q

What are the OIANs of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

origin: lateral aspect of mastoid process & superior nuchal line

insert: manubrium and medial 1/3 of clavicle

action: flexion, ipsilateral rotation, and extension of head & neck, and contralateral rotation of head

nerve: accessory nerve and C1,2

107
Q

What are the extraocular muscles?

A
  • inferior oblique
  • inferior rectus
  • levator palpebrae superioris
  • medial rectus
  • superior rectus
  • lateral rectus
  • superior oblique
108
Q

What are the OIANs of superior oblique muscle of the eye?

A

origin: superomedial, posterior aspect of orbit

insert: superolateral posterior aspect of sclera passing around the trochlea

action: depression, abduction, intorsion of eye

nerve: CN IV trochlear nerve

109
Q

What are the OIANs of lateral rectus muscle of the eye?

A

origin: common tendinous ring

insert: lateral aspect of sclera

action: abduct eye

nerve: CN VI abducens nerve

110
Q

What are the OIANs of superior rectus muscle of the eye?

A

origin: common tendinous ring

insert: superior aspect of sclera

action: elevation, adduction, and intorsion of eye

nerve: superior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve

111
Q

What are the OIANs of medial rectus muscle of the eye?

A

origin: common tendinous ring

insert: medial aspect of sclera

action: adduction of eye

nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor

112
Q

What are the OIANs of levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eye?

A

origin: inferior aspect of lesser wing of the sphenoid

insert: tarsus and skin of the upper

action: elevation of upper lid

nerve: superior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve

113
Q

What are the OIANs of inferior rectus muscle of the eye?

A

origin: common tendinous ring

insert: inferior aspect of the sclera

action: depression, adduction, and extrusion of eye

nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve

114
Q

What are the OIANs of inferior oblique muscle of the eye?

A

origin: maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal groove

insert: inferolateral, posterior aspect of sclera

action: elevation, abduction, and extorision of the eye

nerve: inferior ramus of CN III oculomotor nerve

Clinical Anatomy (12 decks)

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