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Clinical Anatomy > Module 2: Pectoral, Axilla, Arm, & Cubital Fossa > Flashcards

Module 2: Pectoral, Axilla, Arm, & Cubital Fossa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the attachments of the pectoralis major?

A
  • clavicle, costal cartilages, sternum, and aponeurosis of external oblique
  • lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
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2
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis major?

A
  • humeral adduction
  • flexion + medial rotation
  • (sternocostal portion assists in extension of flexed arm)
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3
Q

What nerve innervates the pectoralis major?

A

lateral + medial pectoralis nerves (C5-7: clavicular head, C8-T1: sternocostal head)

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4
Q

What are the attachment sites of pectoralis minor?

A

-outer surfaces of ribs 3-5
- coracoid process

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5
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis minor?

A
  • anterior tilt of scapula
  • assists with depression of the shoulder + forced inspiration
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6
Q

What nerve innervates pectoralis minor?

A

medial + lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)

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7
Q

What are the attachments of the deltoid?

A
  • clavicle, acromion, + spine of scapula
  • deltoid tuberosity of humerus
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8
Q

What are the actions of the deltoid?

A

-flexion + medial rotation
- abduction
- extension + lateral rotation, horizontal extension of humerus

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9
Q

What are the attachments of the subclavius?

A
  • 1st rib + cartilage
  • undersurface of the clavicle
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10
Q

What are the actions of the subclavius?

A
  • depresses + stabilizes the clavicle
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11
Q

What nerve innervates the subclavius?

A

subclavian nerve (C5-6)

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12
Q

What is the superficial muscle of the pectoral region?

A

pectoralis major

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13
Q

What are the deep muscles of the pectoral region?

A
  • pectoralis minor
  • subclavius
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14
Q

What are the pectoral (shoulder) girdle joints?

A
  • sternoclavicular
  • acromioclavicular
  • glenohumeral
  • scapulothoracic
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15
Q

What is the classification of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

synovial - seller/saddle

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16
Q

What is the classification of the acromioclavicular joint?

A

synovial - plane/gliding

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17
Q

What is the classification of the glenohumeral joint?

A

synovial - ball & socket

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18
Q

What is the classification of the scapulothoracic joint?

A

psuedo-joint necessary for full glenohumeral function

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19
Q

What is the saddle mechanism of the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • clavicle = convex in superior - inferior
  • manubrium = concave in superior -inferior
  • clavicle = concave in anterior - posterior
  • manubrium = convex in anterior - posterior
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20
Q

What is the function of the coracoclavicular ligament

A

stablize acromioclavicular joint limiting medial displacement, protraction, and elevation

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21
Q

What are the attachment sites of the coracoclavicular ligament (2 regions)

A
  1. Trapezoid - from coracoid process to trapezoid tubercle of clavicle
  2. Conoid - from coracoid process to conoid tubercle of clavicle
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22
Q

What is the function of the acromioclavicular ligament?

A

stablize acromioclavicular joint

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23
Q

What the attachments of the acromioclavicular ligament?

A

from superior aspect of acromial end of clavicle to adjacent acromion

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24
Q

What is the function of the coracoacromial joint?

A

prevents the superior displacement of the humeral head by forming coracoacromial notch

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25
Q

What are the attachments of the coracoacromial ligament?

A

from lateral border of coracoid process to acromion adjacent to clavicular articulaton

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26
Q

What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament?

A

reinforces superoanterior aspects of joint capsule

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27
Q

What are the attachments of the coracohumeral ligament?

A

from base of coracoid process to anterior aspect greater tubercle

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28
Q

What is the function of the costoclavicular ligament?

A

stabilizes sternoclavicular joint, limiting elevation of the clavicle

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29
Q

What are the attachments of the costoclavicular ligament?

A

from superior aspect of cartilage of 1st rib to undersurface of the clavicle

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30
Q

What is the function of the superior transverse scapular ligament?

A

close off suprascapular notch

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31
Q

What are the attachments of the superior transverse scapular ligament?

A

from base of the coracoid process to the medial edge of scapular notch

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32
Q

What are the attachments of the glenoid capsule ligament?

A

from circumference of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of the humerus

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33
Q

What is the function of the glenohumeral ligament? (superior, middle, inferior)

A

stabilize glenohumeral articulation

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34
Q

What area of the skin is associated with C5 spinal nerve?

A

deltoid tuberosity (lateral arm)

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35
Q

What area of the skin is associated with C6 spinal nerve?

A

thumb (middle arm to thumb)

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36
Q

What area of the skin is associated with C7 spinal nerve?

A

index finger (digit 2- lateral half of 4)

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37
Q

What area of the skin is associated with C8 spinal nerve?

A

pinky (digit 5 and medial half of 4)

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38
Q

What area of the skin is associated with T1 spinal nerve?

A

medial epicondyle of humerus (medial arm and forearm)

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39
Q

What are the two compartments the brachial fascia is broken into?

A

Anterior + Posterior Compartment

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40
Q

What are the contents of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • biceps brachii
  • coracobrachialis
  • brachialis
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41
Q

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

shoulder + elbow flexion

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42
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

brachial artery

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43
Q

What are the contents of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

triceps brachii + anconeus

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44
Q

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

shoulder + elbow extension

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45
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

musculocutaneous nerve

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46
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

radial nerve

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47
Q

What is the arterial supply of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

profunda brachii artery

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48
Q

What structures separate the two brachial fascia compartments?

A

medial + lateral intermuscular septum

49
Q

What are the contents of the triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular artery

50
Q

What structures border the triangular space?

A
  • teres minor
  • teres major
  • LH triceps brachii
51
Q

What are the contents of the triceps hiatus?

A
  • radial nerve
  • profunda brachii artery
52
Q

What structures border the triceps hiatus?

A
  • humerus
  • LH triceps brachii
  • teres major
53
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the different regions of vertebrae?

A
  • cervical = 8
  • thoracic = 12
  • lumbar = 5
  • sacral = 5
  • coccygeal = 1
    = 31 total
54
Q

How are spinal nerves named in the cervical region?

A
  • cervical nerves exit above corresponding vertebrae
    C6 nerve: C5-C6
55
Q

How are spinal nerves named in the other vertebral regions that aren’t cervical?

A
  • all others exit below their corresponding vertebrae
    T7 nerve: T7-8
56
Q

What are the boundaries of the axilla region?

A
  • Apex = 1st rib, clavicle
  • Base = skin of the armpit
  • Anterior = pectoral muscle
  • Posterior = scapula, subscapularis muscle
  • Medial = thoracic wall, serratus anterior
  • Lateral = humerus
57
Q

What are the contents of the axilla region?

A
  • axillary artery
  • axillary vein
  • axillary lymph nodes
  • 3 cords of brachial plexus
58
Q

What are the attachments of the anconeus?

A

from lateral epicondyle of humerus to lateral surface of olecranon process

59
Q

What is the action of the anconeus?

A

extension of the elbow

60
Q

What nerve innervates the anconeus?

A

radial nerve (C7-8)

61
Q

What are the attachments of the biceps brachii?

A
  • long head: from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
  • short head: from coracoid process of scapula

to radial tuberosity + deep ante brachial fascia (through bicipital aponeurosis)

62
Q

What are the actions of biceps brachii?

A

flexion of the shoulder + elbow, supination of the forearm

63
Q

What nerve innervates biceps brachii?

A

musculocutaneous nerve (C5-6)

64
Q

What are the attachments of brachialis?

A

from distal anterior shaft of the humerus + lateral & medial intermuscular septa to coronoid process & ulnar tuberosity

65
Q

What are the actions of brachialis?

A

flexion of the elbow

66
Q

What nerve innervates brachialis?

A

musculocutaneous & small branch from radial nerve (C5-6)

67
Q

What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?

A

from coracoid process to the proximal medial shaft of humerus

68
Q

What are the actions of the coracobrachialis?

A

flexion & adduction of the shoulder

69
Q

What nerve innervates the coracobrachialis?

A

musculocutaneous nere (C6-7)

70
Q

What are the attachments of triceps brachii?

A
  • long head: from infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
  • lateral head: proximal posterolateral shaft of humerus
  • medial head: distal posteromedial shaft of humerus

to the olecranon process of the ulna

71
Q

What are the actions of triceps brachii?

A
  • long head: extension of shoulder
  • long, lateral, + medial head: extension of the elbow
72
Q

What nerve innervates triceps brachii?

A

radial nerve (C6-T1)

73
Q

What does the clavicopectoral fascia surround?

A

subclavius + pectoralis minor muscles

74
Q

What does the axillary sheath surround?

A
  • axillary artery
  • axillary vein
  • cords of brachial plexus
    (continuous with the prevertebral fascia of the neck)
75
Q

What are the functions of sympathetic (pre/post) axons in the peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus?

A

innervate smooth muscle of the blood vessels

76
Q

How many roots are in the brachial plexus?

A

5 (ventral rami, [C4] C5-T1)

77
Q

How many trunks are in the brachial plexus?

A

3 (upper, middle, lower)

78
Q

How many divisions are in the brachial plexus?

A

3 anterior, 3 posterior

79
Q

How many cords are in the brachial plexus?

A

3 (medial, lateral, posterior)

80
Q

How many nerves(terminal branches) are in the brachial plexus?

A
  • 5 main
  • 11 additional
    = 16 total
81
Q

What are the joints of the elbow and their synovial classifications?

A
  • humeroulnar = hinge
  • humeroradial = gliding
  • proximal radioulnar = pivot (pronation/supination)
82
Q

What are the attachments and functions of the radial collateral ligament?

A
  • lateral epicondyle&raquo_space; annular ligament
  • resist cubital varus
83
Q

What are the attachments and functions of the ulnar collateral ligament?

A
  • medial epicondyle&raquo_space; coronoid process and olecranon process
  • resist cubital valgus
84
Q

What are the attachments and functions of the annular ligament?

A
  • anterior radial notch&raquo_space; posterior radial notch
  • stabilize proximal radioulnar joint
85
Q

What are the attachments and functions of the interosseous membrane?

A
  • interosseous border of radius&raquo_space; interosseous border of ulna
  • stablize radius and ulna in pro/supination
86
Q

What is radial head subluxation?

A
  • radial head slips out of annular ligament
  • seen mostly in children because of radial head development
  • when hanging or lifted
87
Q

What is olecranon bursitis?

A
  • excessive pressure on the olecranon causes overproduction of fluid of olecranon bursa
88
Q

What are the contents, actions, and innervation of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • flexors of elbow + wrist, pronators
  • mostly median nerve innervation
89
Q

What are the contents of the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • pronator teres
  • flexor carpi radialis
  • palmaris longus
    (median nerve
  • flexor carpi ulnaris
    (ulnar nerve)
90
Q

What are the contents of the intermediate anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • flexor digitorum superficialis
    (median n)
91
Q

What are the contents of the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • flexor digitorum profundus
    (median n = digit 2&3)
    (ulnar n = digit 4&5)
92
Q

What is the carrying angle of a male and female?

A

male = 5-10 deg
female = 15-20 deg

93
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of flexor carpi radialis

A

attach: medial epicondyle&raquo_space; palmar aspect of 2nd metacarpal

action: flex + abduct hand at wrist, pronation of forearm, elbow flexion

innervation: median n (C6-8)

94
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

attach: medial epicondyle & proximal ulnar shaft&raquo_space; pisiform

action: flex + abduct hand at wrist, elbow flexion

innervation: ulnar nerve (C7-T1)

95
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

attach: medial epicondyle&raquo_space; sides of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

action: flexion of digits + hand

innervation: median nerve (C7-T1)

96
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

attach: ant prox 2/3 of ulna + interosseous membrane&raquo_space; base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

action: flex digits 2-5, flex hand and wrist

innervation: median = digits 2+3, ulnar = digits 4+5 (C7-T1)

97
Q

What are the attachments actions, and innervation of flexor pollicis longus?

A

attach: ant surface of radius&raquo_space; base of distal phalanx of the thumb

action: flex thumb
innervation: median n (C7-T1)

98
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of palmaris longus?

A

attach: medial epicondyle&raquo_space; palmar aponeurosis

action: flex hand and wrist, tenses palmar fascia

innervation: median n (C7-8)

99
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of pronator quadratus?

A

attach: ant surface of distal ulna&raquo_space; ant surface of radius

action: pronate forearm

innervation: median nerve (C8-T1)

100
Q

What are the attachments, actions, and innervation of the pronator teres?

A

attach: medial epicondyle&raquo_space; ulnar coronoid process&raquo_space; lat radius

action: pronate + flex forearm

innervation: median nerve (C6-7)

101
Q

What are the bursa of the elbow?

A
  • subcutaneous bursa of med epicondyle
  • subcutaneous bursa of lat epicondyle
  • bursa of anconeus
  • bursa at origin of ext carpi radialis brevis
  • olecranon bursa (subtendinous, infratendinous, subcutaneous)
102
Q

What is the spinal cord segment and function of the lateral pectoral nerve?

A

(C5-7)
- sensory, post gang symp, motor innervation of pec major (clavicular head) and minor

103
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-7
- sensory, postgang symp, and motor innervation of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis
- sensory and postgang symp innervation of skin overlying lateral aspect of forearm

104
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the median nerve?

A

C5-T1
- sensory, postgang, and motor innervation of ant forearm muscles
- sensory and postgang symp of radial palm

105
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the medial pectoral nerve?

A

C8-T1
- sensory, postgang symp, and motor innervation of pectoralis major(SC head) and minor

106
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

C7-T1
- sensory, postgang symp, motor innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus
- sensory of ulnar palm

107
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the upper subscap nerve?

A

C5-6
- sensory, postgang symp, and motor innervation of subscapularis

108
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

C6-8
- S, PGS, M of latissimus dorsi

109
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the lower subscapular nerve?

A

C5-6
- S, PGS, M of subscapularis and teres major

110
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the axillary nerve?

A

C5-6
- S, PGS, M of deltoid and teres minor
- S, PGS of superior lateral aspect of arm

111
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1
- S, PGS, M of triceps brachii and brachialis
- S, PGS, M of extensor muscles of forearm
S, PGS of radial dorsal of hand, and posterior aspect of forearm

112
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the subclavian nerve?

A

C5-6
- S, PGS, M of subclavius

113
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

C4-5
- PGS and M of levator scapulae and rhomboid

114
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the suprascapular nerve?

A

C4-6
- S, PGS, M of supraspinatus and infraspinatus

115
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the long thoracic nerve?

A

C5-7
- S, PGS, M of serratus ant

116
Q

What are the spinal cord segments and functions of the medial cut nerves of the arm and forearm?

A

C8-T1
- S and PGS of skin overlying medial aspect of arm and forearm

117
Q

What neurovascular structures would be injured from a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

posterior humeral circumflex artery and axillary nerve

118
Q

What neurovascular structures would be injured from a fracture of the radial groove of the humerus?

A

radial nerve and profunda brachii artery

119
Q

What neurovascular structures would be injured if a medial epicondyle fracture?

A

ulnar nerve and anterior ulnar recurrent artery

Clinical Anatomy (12 decks)

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